A4. The method of any one of items A1 to A3, wherein the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is indicative of a heater failure in at least one of the plurality of heaters located inside the first and/or the second section or water ingress into at least one of the first or the second section of the at least one substation.

A5. The method of any one of items A1 to A4, wherein the first section and/or second section of the at least one substation is a cabinet or a cubicle.

A6. The method of any one of items A2 to A5, wherein the threshold is set by using at least one self-learning model.

A7. The method of item A6, wherein the at least one self-learning model is trained by processing the received first and/or second at least one environmental condition or data, wherein the data is pre-processed based on the received first and/or second at least one environmental condition to determine at least two clusters representative of various difference of environmental conditions.

A8. The method of any of items A1 to A7, further comprising:

- receiving, by the controller, from a third sensor, a third environmental condition of a third section of the at least one substation,
  - wherein a type of the third sensor is same as the type of the first and the second sensor,
  - wherein a type of the third at least one environmental condition is same as the types of the first and the second at least one environmental condition, and
  - wherein the third sensor is located inside the third section, in particular on or in the vicinity of at least one of the plurality of heaters located inside the third section; and
  - wherein the step of providing the warning signal comprises providing the warning signal according to differences among the first at least one environmental condition, the second at least one environmental condition, and the third environmental condition.

A9. The method of item A8, further comprising:

- identifying a section of the first, the second, and the third section comprising the ingressed water or a malfunctioning heater of the plurality of heaters according to the differences among the first at least one environmental condition, the second at least one environmental condition, and the third environmental condition.

A10. The method of any of items A1 to A9, wherein the plurality of heaters comprise at least two heaters located inside the first or the second section of the at least one substation, the method further comprising:

- receiving, by the controller, from a third sensor, a third environmental condition of the first or the second section;
  - wherein a type of the third sensor is same as the types of the first and the second sensor,
  - wherein a type of the third at least one environmental condition is same as the types of the first and the second at least one environmental condition, and
  - wherein the third sensor is located inside the first or the second section of the at least one substation, in particular the first and the third sensor are located on or in the vicinity of the respective at least two heaters located inside the first section or alternatively the second and the third sensor are located on or in the vicinity of the respective at least two heaters located inside the second section; and
- wherein the step of providing the warning signal comprises providing the warning signal according to differences between the first and the third at least one environmental condition or the second and the third at least one environmental condition.

A11. The method of item A10, further comprising:

- identifying the ingressed water or a malfunctioning heater of the at least two heaters inside the first or the second section of the at least one substation based on the difference between the first and the third environmental condition or alternatively between the second and the third environmental condition.

A12. A controller for monitoring a plurality of heaters in at least one substation, the controller being configured to:

- receive from a first sensor a first at least one environmental condition of a first section of the at least one substation;
- receive from a second sensor a second at least one environmental condition of a second section of the at least one substation
  - wherein a type of the first sensor is same as a type of the second sensor, in particular a temperature sensor and/or a humidity sensor,
  - wherein a type of the first at least one environmental condition is same as a type of the second at least one environmental condition, in particular a temperature and/or a humidity,
  - wherein the first sensor is located inside the first section, in particular on or in the vicinity of at least one of the plurality of heaters located inside the first section, and
  - wherein the second sensor is located inside the second section, in particular on or in the vicinity of at least one of the plurality of heaters located inside the second section; and
- provide a warning signal according to a difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition.

A13. A controller for determining water ingress in at least one substation, the controller being configured to:

- receive from a first sensor a first at least one environmental condition of a first section of the at least one substation;
- receive from a second sensor a second at least one environmental condition of a second section of the at least one substation
  - wherein a type of the first sensor is same as a type of the second sensor, in particular a temperature sensor and/or a humidity sensor,
  - wherein a type of the first at least one environmental condition is same as a type of the second at least one environmental condition, in particular a temperature and/or a humidity,
  - wherein the first sensor is located inside the first section, in particular on or in the vicinity of at least one of the plurality of heaters located inside the first section, and
  - wherein the second sensor is located inside the second section, in particular on or in the vicinity of at least one of the plurality of heaters located inside the second section; and
- provide a warning signal according to a difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition.

A14. The controller according to item A12 or A13, wherein the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is indicative of a heater failure or water ingress into at least one of the first or the second section of the at least one substation.

A15. The controller according to any one of items A12 to A14, wherein the controller is configured to provide the warning signal when the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is above a set threshold.

A16. The controller of item A15, wherein the controller is configured to set the threshold by using at least one self-learning model.

A17. The controller of item A16, wherein the controller is configured to train the at least one self-learning model by processing the received first and/or second at least one environmental condition or data, wherein the data is pre-processed based on the received first and/or second at least one environmental condition to determine at least two clusters representative of various difference of environmental conditions.

A18. A system comprising a controller according to any of items A12 to A17 and a plurality of heaters in at least one substation comprising a first sensor generating a first at least one environmental condition of a first section of the at least one substation and a second sensor generating a second at least one environmental condition of a second section of the at least one substation.

The following list of further items may preferably implement the exemplary embodiments:

B1. A method for monitoring a plurality of heaters and/or determining water ingress in at least one substation, the method comprising:

- receiving, by a controller from a first sensor a first at least one environmental condition of a first section of the at least one substation;
- receiving, by the controller from a second sensor a second at least one environmental condition of a second section of the at least one substation; and
- providing a warning signal, by the controller, according to a difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition.

B2. The method of item B1, wherein the providing the warning signal comprises:

- providing the warning signal when the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is above a set threshold.

B3. The method of item B1 or B2, wherein the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is indicative of a heater failure and/or water ingress into at least one of the first or the second section of the at least one substation.

B4. The method of any one of items B1 or B3 wherein the section of the at least one substation is a cabinet or a cubicle.

B5. The method of any one of items B1 to B4, wherein the first section is in a first substation and the second section is in a second substation.

B6. The method of any of items B1 to B5, wherein the first at least one environmental condition comprises a first temperature of the first section, and the second at least one environmental condition comprises a second temperature of the second section.

B7. The method of any of items B1 to B6, wherein the first at least one environmental condition comprises a first humidity of the first section, and the second at least one environmental condition comprises a second humidity of the second section.

B8. The method of any one of items B2 to B7, wherein the threshold is set by using at least one self-learning model.

B9. The method of item B8, wherein the at least one self-learning model is trained by processing the at least one received environmental conditions or at least one pre-processed data to determine at least two clusters representative of various difference of environmental conditions.

B10. The method of any of items B1 to B9 further comprising:

- receiving, by a controller from a third sensor a third environmental condition of a third section of the at least one substation;
- wherein the step of providing the warning signal comprises providing the warning signal according to differences among the first at least one environmental condition, the second at least one environmental condition, and the third environmental condition.

B11. The method of item B10 further comprising:

- identifying a location of an error in the heater system according to the differences among the first at least one environmental condition, the second at least one environmental condition, and the third environmental condition.

B12. A controller for monitoring a plurality of heaters and/or determining water ingress in at least one substation comprising a processor configured to:

- receive from a first sensor a first at least one environmental condition of a first section of the at least one substation;
- receive from a second sensor a second at least one environmental condition of a second section of the at least one substation; and
- provide a warning signal according to a difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition.

B13. The controller according to item B12, wherein the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is indicative of a heater failure and/or water ingress into at least one of the first or the second section of the at least one substation.

B14. The controller according to item B12 or B13, wherein the controller is configured to provide the warning signal when the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is above a set threshold.

B15. The controller of item B14, wherein the controller is configured to set the threshold by using at least one self-learning model.

B16. The controller of item B15, wherein the controller is configured to train the at least one self-learning model by processing the at least one received environmental conditions or at least one pre-processed data to determine at least two clusters representative of various difference of environmental conditions.

B17. A system comprising a controller according to any of item B12 to B16 and a plurality of heaters in at least one substation comprising a first sensor generating a first at least one environmental condition of a first section of the at least one substation and a second sensor generating a second at least one environmental condition of a second section of the at least one substation.

The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein are directed to providing features that will become readily apparent by reference to the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In accordance with various embodiments, exemplary systems, methods, and devices are disclosed herein. It is understood, however, that these embodiments are presented by way of example and not limitation, and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art who read the present disclosure that various modifications to the disclosed embodiments can be made while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure.

Thus, the present disclosure is not limited to the exemplary embodiments and applications described and illustrated herein. Additionally, the specific order and/or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed herein are merely exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, the specific order or hierarchy of steps of the disclosed methods or processes can be re-arranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the methods and techniques disclosed herein present various steps or acts in a sample order, and the present disclosure is not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented unless expressly stated otherwise.

The above and other aspects and their implementations are described in greater detail in the drawings, the descriptions, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary substation of a power grid according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary substation of a power grid comprising two substations according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary controller and exemplary signals according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 4(a) and (b) show exemplary controllers comprising a self-learning engine and a decision engine and exemplary signals according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of the method according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following, exemplary embodiments of the disclosure will be described. It is noted that some aspects of any one of the described embodiments may also be found in some other embodiments unless otherwise stated or obvious. However, for increased intelligibility, each aspect will only be described in detail when first mentioned and any repeated description of the same aspect will be omitted.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary substation of a power grid according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the at least one substation 100 comprising a first section 110 and a second section 120. The first section 110 comprises a first sensor 115 and a first heater 111, a second heater 112 and a third heater 113. The second section 120 of the first substation 100 comprises a second sensor 125 and a fourth heater 121, a fifth heater 122 and a sixth heater 123. The first sensor 115 monitors the heaters 111-113 in the first section 110 and senses at least one environmental condition of the first section 110 of the first substation 100. The second sensor 125 monitors the heaters 121-123 in the second section 120 and senses at least one environmental condition of the second section 120 of the substation 100. According to an embodiment, the first sensor 115 is located at a fixed position within the first section 110 of the at least one substation 100 with respect to a reference point either within or outside of the first section 110. Furthermore, the second sensor 125 may be located at fixed position within the second section 120 of the at least one substation 100 with respect to a reference point either within or outside of the second section 120. According to an embodiment, at least one physical constraint, e.g., shape, length, width, height, or the like, of the first section is the same as or different from, with margin, those of the second section. According to an embodiment, the first sensor within the first section is located at a position distant from a first reference point by a first distance, in particular the first reference point being located within space covered by the first section, more particularly the first reference point being a vertex of the first section, a centroid of the first section, or a centroid of a heater within the first section, and the second sensor within the second section is located at a position distant from a second reference point by a second distance, in particular the second reference point being located within space covered by the second section, more particularly the second reference point being a vertex of the second section, a centroid of the second section, or a centroid of a heater within the second section. The first distance may be the same or different from, with margin, the second distance. For instance, the first section may be rectangular with a vertex (the first reference point) thereof, wherein the vertex is represented at origin of a cartesian coordinate system, and wherein the planes comprising the said vertex being aligned in parallel with the x-y, y-z, and z-x planes, respectively. The position of the first sensor may be represented as a vector p1=(x1, y1, z1). Similarly, the second section may be rectangular with a vertex (the second reference point) thereof, wherein the vertex is represented at origin of a cartesian coordinate system, and wherein the planes comprising the said vertex being aligned in parallel with the x-y, y-z, and z-x planes, respectively. The said vertex of the first section may be the same vertex, in a geometrical sense particularly with respect to the heater position therein, as the said vertex of the second section. The position of the second sensor may be represented as a vector p2=(x2, y2, z3). p1 may be the same as p2. p1 may be different from p2 with margin. It is understood by the skilled person in the art that the first and second sections may have any other physical constraint, and any other point within the space covered by the respective section may be considered as origin, with respect to which the position of the first and second sections may be determined. Alternatively, a point in space, in particular inside a plane bisecting the first and second sections, may be chosen as a reference point from which vectors p1 and p2 are computed. A vector through the centroids of the first section and the second section may be orthogonal to the plane comprising the reference point. The computed p1 and p2 may be same or different with a margin. In an embodiment, a centroid of respective section or a heater within respective sections may be represented as origin in a chosen coordinate, with respect to which the position of the first and second sections may be determined.

According to an embodiment, the warning signal comprises information regarding a heater failure of and/or water ingress into at least one of the first 110 and the second section 120 of the at least one substation 100. In other words, the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition may be indicative of a heater failure and/or water ingress into at least one of the first 110 or the second section 120 of the at least one substation 100, particularly when the environmental condition is humidity and temperature. According to an embodiment, the providing the warning signal comprises providing a warning signal related to a heater failure when the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is above a first set threshold. According to an embodiment, the providing the warning signal comprises providing a warning signal related to water ingress when the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is above a second set threshold. According to an embodiment, the second threshold is a greater than the first threshold.

According to an embodiment, the first sensor 115 is located at the bottom of the first section 110 and the second sensor 125 is located at the bottom of the second section 120. In such a configuration, the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is particularly suited for the detection of water ingress, but not limited to, e.g., a heater failure may be detected as well.

According to an embodiment, the first sensor 115 is located in the vicinity of a heater/heaters in the first section and the second sensor is located in the vicinity of a heater/heaters in the second section. In such a configuration, the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is particularly suited for the detection of heater failure, but not limited to, e.g., water ingress may be detected as well.

According to an embodiment, water ingress describes, but without limitation, the process of liquid entering a container, in this case the substation and/or the section thereof, through a physical opening. In addition or as an alternative, according to an embodiment, water ingress describes, but without limitation, the process of liquid forming within a container, in this case the substation and/or the section thereof, due to at least one environmental condition either inside or outside of said container or the combination of both inside and outside of said container. Particularly, water ingress describes condensation within said container. More particularly, said condensation is caused by the temperature changes either inside or outside of said container or the temperature changes in both inside and outside of said container.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, there are two substations 200 and 250. However, it is understood by the skilled person that number of substations is not limited to two, e.g., there can be any integer number of substations, e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, . . . , 10, . . . ,20 etc. The first substation 200 comprises a first section 210 and a second section 220. The first section 210 of the first substation 200 comprises a first sensor 215, a first heater 211, a second heater 212, and a third heater 213. The second section 220 of the first substation 200 comprises a second sensor 225 and a fourth heater 221, a fifth heater 222 and a sixth heater 223. The second substation 250 comprises a first section 260 and a second section 270. The first section 260 of the second substation 250 comprises a first sensor 265, a first heater 261, a second heater 262, and a third heater 263. The second section 270 of the second substation 250 comprises a second sensor 275 and a fourth heater 271, a fifth heater 272 and a sixth heater 273.

The first sensor 215 in the first section 210 of the first substation 200 monitors the heaters 211-213 in the first section 210 of the first substation 200 and senses at least one environmental condition of the first section 210 of the first substation 200. The second sensor 225 in the second section 220 of the first substation 200 monitors the heaters 221-223 in the second section 220 of the first substation 200 and senses at least one environmental condition of the second section 220 of the first substation 200. The first sensor 265 in the first section 260 of the second substation 250 monitors the heaters 261-263 in the first section 260 of the second substation 250 and senses at least one environmental condition of the first section 260 of the second substation 250. The second sensor 275 in the second section 270 of the second substation 250 monitors the heaters 271-273 in the second section 270 of the second substation 250 and senses at least one environmental condition of the second section 270 of the second substation 250.

It is understood by the skilled person that at least one substation comprises at least one section. The at least one section comprises a plurality of heaters and at least one sensor. Thus, it is understood by the skilled person that the number of above-mentioned components is not limited by the embodiments shown in figures.

According to an embodiment, the first section and/or the second section of the at least one substation is a cabinet or a cubicle.

According to an embodiment, a first section is in a first substation and a second section is in a second substation. That is, a first section is the first section 210 of the first substation 200 and a second section is the second section 270 of the second substation 250, or any other combination of sections of substations.

According to an embodiment, the first at least one environmental condition comprises a first temperature of the first section, and the second at least one environmental condition comprises a second temperature of the second section.

According to an embodiment, the first at least one environmental condition comprises a first humidity of the first section, and the second at least one environmental condition comprises a second humidity of the second section.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary controller and exemplary signals according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the controller 300 receives a first environmental condition 301 of the first section 110 of the first substation 100. The controller 320 further receives a second environmental condition 302 of the second section 120 of the first substation 100. The controller provides a warning signal 304 according to a difference between the first environmental condition 301 and the second environmental condition 302. Alternatively or in addition, a controller 300 receives a first environmental condition 301 of the first section 210 of the first substation 200. The controller 320 further receives a second environmental condition 302 of the first section 260 of the second substation 250. The controller provides a warning signal 304 according to a difference between the first environmental condition 301 and the second environmental condition 302. Alternatively or in addition, a controller receives n environmental condition(s) from any one of sections of any one of substations. Alternatively or in addition, a controller 300 receives environmental conditions from any other combination of sections of substations. Although omitted for simplicity, it is understood by the skilled person that the controller receives further environmental conditions of the first section 110, the second section 120 and/or other sections of the first substation 100 and/or other substations. It is further understood by the skilled person that the controller provides warning signals 304 according to the differences among the first environmental condition 301, the second environmental condition 302, and, if any, further received environmental conditions.

According to an embodiment, the controller is located in each of the first substation and the second substation. Additionally or alternatively, the controller 300 is a central unit located in or outside of the at least one substation. According to an embodiment, the controller 300 is further configured to communicate unidirectionally or bidirectionally with another at least one entity which is configured to communicate.

According to an embodiment, the controller 300 is further configured to calculate and/or memorize the relation or correlation between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition within a section of the at least one substation.

According to an embodiment, the controller 300 is further configured to generate the warning signals by monitoring whether the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition follows the calculated and/or memorized relation or correlation between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition.

According to an embodiment, the providing the warning signal comprises providing the warning signal when the difference between the first at least one environmental condition and the second at least one environmental condition is above a set threshold.

According to an embodiment, the method further comprises: receiving, by the controller, from a third sensor, a third environmental condition of a third section of the at least one substation, wherein a type of the third sensor is same as the type of the first and the second sensor, wherein a type of the third at least one environmental condition is same as the types of the first and the second at least one environmental condition, and wherein the third sensor is located inside the third section, in particular on or in the vicinity of at least one of the plurality of heaters located inside the third section; and wherein the step of providing the warning signal comprises providing the warning signal according to differences among the first at least one environmental condition, the second at least one environmental condition, and the third environmental condition.

According to an embodiment, the method further comprises: identifying a section of the first, the second, and the third section comprising the ingressed water and/or a malfunctioning heater of the plurality of heaters according to the differences among the first at least one environmental condition, the second at least one environmental condition, and the third environmental condition.

According to an embodiment, the plurality of heaters comprise at least two heaters located inside the first or the second section of the at least one substation, and the method further comprises: receiving, by the controller, from a third sensor, a third environmental condition of the first or the second section; wherein a type of the third sensor is same as the types of the first and the second sensor, wherein a type of the third at least one environmental condition is same as the types of the first and the second at least one environmental condition, and wherein the third sensor is located inside the first or the second section of the at least one substation, in particular the first and the third sensor are located on or in the vicinity of the respective at least two heaters located inside the first section or alternatively the second and the third sensor are located on or in the vicinity of the respective at least two heaters located inside the second section; and wherein the step of providing the warning signal comprises providing the warning signal according to differences between the first and the third at least one environmental condition or the second and the third at least one environmental condition.

According to an embodiment, the method further comprises identifying the ingressed water and/or a malfunctioning heater of the at least two heaters inside the first or the second section of the at least one substation based on the difference between the first and the third environmental condition or alternatively between the second and the third environmental condition.

According to an embodiment, a location of an error in the heater system is identified according to the differences among the first at least one environmental condition, the second at least one environmental condition, and the third at least one environmental condition.

According to an embodiment, the threshold is set by using at least one self-learning algorithm.

According to an embodiment, training of the at least one self-learning algorithm comprises processing the at least one the received environmental condition or at least one pre-processed data to determine at least two clusters representative of various differences of environmental conditions.

According to an embodiment, the at least one self-learning model is trained by processing the received first and/or second at least one environmental condition or data, wherein the data is pre-processed based on the received first and/or second at least one environmental condition to determine at least two clusters representative of various difference of environmental conditions.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4(a), the controller 400 comprises a self-learning engine 410. The self-learning engine 410 comprises a plurality of machine-readable instructions and/or at least one self-learning algorithm. The self-learning algorithm is trained using the first environmental condition 401 and/or the second environmental condition 402. It is understood by the skilled person that, if any, further received environmental conditions can be used to train the algorithm thereof. The self-learning engine 410 sets a threshold to the difference between the first at least one environmental condition 401 and the second environmental condition 402 and feeds the set threshold to a decision engine 420. The decision engine either alone or in conjunction with other functional blocks of the controller