CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/171,770, filed Apr. 7, 2021, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD

This disclosure relates, in part, to methods of making mixtures for cementitious building materials and compositions prepared using same.

BACKGROUND

Concrete is one of the most widely used materials in the world for construction. Since concrete deteriorates and ages after a certain period of time after casting or molding, concrete structures need to be regularly maintained through repair or reinforcement to avoid deterioration, such as cracking. If cracks occur in concrete, harmful air, moisture, and chemicals penetrate the concrete, thereby further degrading concrete performance. This can lead to the collapse of the structure.

There is a need for new and improved building materials which provide concrete that is self-healing and exhibits shrinkage compensation and anti-corrosive properties.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a method of making a cementitious mixture for building materials. The method includes (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture; and (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

The present disclosure also provides a method of making a dry cementitious mixture for building materials. The method includes obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

The present disclosure also provides a method of making a concrete mixture for building materials. The method includes (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

The present disclosure also provides a method of making a concrete mixture for building materials. The method includes obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM; about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM; about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM; or about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM.

In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 15% to about 25%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 15%, about 3.1% to about 25%, about 3.1% to about 20%, about 3.1% to about 15%, or about 3.1% to about 10%, 3.1% to about 8%, about 3.1% to about 6.5%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, or about 20% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 5%, or about 3.1% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, or about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, or about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, about 800 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, about 800 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³, about 1000 kg/m³to about 1100 kg/m³, or about 1100 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³, about 500 kg/m³, about 600 kg/m³, or about 700 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³, about 1000 kg/m³, about 1100 kg/m³, about 1200 kg/m³, or about 1300 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, from about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm to about 5 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm, about 4 mm to about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 8 mm, about 4 mm to about 9 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 63 mm to about 204 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is not slaked prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is slaked prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 67 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium oxide and about 0 wt % to about 33 wt % calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 33 wt % to about 66 wt % calcium oxide and about 34 wt % to about 67 wt % calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0 wt % to about 32 wt % calcium oxide and about 68 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is dry. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is not slaked. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is slaked.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of high calcium quicklime, dolomitic quicklime, calcium hydrated lime, or dolomitic hydrated lime.

In some embodiments, the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husks, palm oil ash (POA), and glass powder (GP).

In some embodiments, step b) occurs after step a). In some embodiments, step a) and step b) occur simultaneously.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises fine aggregates. In some embodiments, the fine aggregates comprise one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone dust, and clay.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises coarse aggregates.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more plasticizers to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more retarders to the cementitious mixture.

The present disclosure also provides a ceramic material prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is selected from cement paste, grout, mortar, and concrete. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is grout. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is a mortar. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is concrete. In some embodiments, the ceramic material comprises sand. In some embodiments, the ceramic material comprises gravel. In some embodiments, the ceramic material further comprises one or more plasticizers. In some embodiments, the ceramic material further comprises one or more retarders. In some embodiments, the ceramic material has one or more of the following properties: self-healing; waterproof, shrinkage compensation; volumetric expansion; anti-corrosion, and enhanced compressive strength. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is for underwater use.

The present disclosure also provides a composition prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the composition has one or more of the following properties: self-healing; waterproof, shrinkage compensation; volumetric expansion; anti-corrosion, and enhanced compressive strength. In some embodiments, the composition is for underwater use.

The present disclosure also provides a building material comprising a ceramic material or a composition of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the building material comprises reinforced concrete.

In some embodiments, the building material comprises Opus signinum (Cocciopesto).

The present disclosure also provides a concrete admixture prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure also provides a blended cement prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure also provides a cementitious mixture prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure also provides a concrete prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a concrete for building materials comprising a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water, optionally wherein the fine aggregates comprises one or more of one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone dust, and clay, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a reinforcement. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete further comprises supplementary cementitious material (SCM), optionally wherein the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husks, palm oil ash (POA), and glass powder (GP). In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

The present disclosure also provides a concrete for building materials comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM), and one or more of fine aggregates and coarse aggregates, optionally wherein the fine aggregates comprises one or more of one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone dust, and clay, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing a hardened cementicious material. The method includes (a) pouring a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, water, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally further comprising fine aggregate, coarse aggregates and supplementary cementitious material (SCM) onto a surface or into a concrete form, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious materials; and (b) allowing the cementitious mixture to set by reaction of the cementitious mixture with the water to form a hardened mass.

In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM; about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM; about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM; or about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM.

In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 15% to about 25%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 15%, about 3.1% to about 25%, about 3.1% to about 20%, about 3.1% to about 15%, or about 3.1% to about 10%, 3.1% to about 8%, about 3.1% to about 6.5%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, or about 20% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 5%, or about 3.1% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, or about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, about 800 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, about 800 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³, about 1000 kg/m³to about 1100 kg/m³, or about 1100 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³, about 500 kg/m³, about 600 kg/m³, or about 700 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³, about 1000 kg/m³, about 1100 kg/m³, about 1200 kg/m³, or about 1300 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from greater than about 0 to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm to about 5 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm, about 4 mm to about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 8 mm, about 4 mm to about 9 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 63 mm to about 204 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is not slaked prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is slaked prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 67 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium oxide and about 0 wt % to about 33 wt % calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 33 wt % to about 66 wt % calcium oxide and about 34 wt % to about 67 wt % calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0 wt % to about 32 wt % calcium oxide and about 68 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0 wt % to about 5 wt % magnesium oxide and about 95 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium oxide, about 6 wt % to about 35 wt % magnesium oxide and about 65 wt % to about 94 wt % calcium oxide, about 36 wt % to about 46 wt % magnesium oxide and about 64 wt % to about 54 wt % calcium oxide, about 47 wt % to about 50 wt % magnesium oxide and about 53 wt % to about 50 wt % calcium oxide, about 51 wt % to about 75 wt % magnesium oxide and about 50 wt % to about 25 wt % calcium oxide, or about 76 wt % to about 100 wt % magnesium oxide and about 24 wt % to about 0 wt % calcium oxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0 wt % to about 5 wt % magnesium oxide and about 95 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium hydroxide, about 6 wt % to about 35 wt % magnesium oxide and about 65 wt % to about 94 wt % calcium hydroxide, about 36 wt % to about 46 wt % magnesium oxide and about 64 wt % to about 54 wt % calcium hydroxide, about 47 wt % to about 50 wt % magnesium oxide and about 53 wt % to about 50 wt % calcium hydroxide, about 51 wt % to about 75 wt % magnesium oxide and about 50 wt % to about 25 wt % calcium hydroxide, or about 76 wt % to about 100 wt % magnesium oxide and about 24 wt % to about 0 wt % calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound is dry. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is not slaked. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is slaked.

In some embodiments, the water is present in an amount between about 20% and about 40% of the cement composition.

In some embodiments, the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husks, palm oil ash (POA), and glass powder (GP).

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the fine aggregate comprises one or more of one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone dust, and clay.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises coarse aggregates.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more plasticizers to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more retarders to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more reinforcements to form a reinforced concrete. In some embodiments, the reinforcement comprises one or more materials selected from steel, polymers, fibers, and/or alternate composite material. In some embodiments, the method comprises pouring the cementitious mixture onto a surface. In some embodiments, the method comprises preparing a cement-based surface. In some embodiments, the method comprises pouring the cementitious mixture into a concrete form.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing an admixture comprising calcium oxide for a cementitious mixture, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, wherein the admixture conforms to ASTM C494 and/or EN 934, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and mixing the calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing a admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and mixing the calcium oxide with any admixture listed by ASTM C494 and/or EN 934.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and mixing the calcium oxide with SCM.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and adding water to the calcium oxide to form a slurry.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and mixing the calcium oxide with sand.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing a cement addition comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing a cement addition, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide with SCM.

The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing a cement addition, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium hydroxide is reduced to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 4 to about 10 mm, about 10 mm to about 30 mm, or greater than about 30 mm to about 75 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium oxide has a particle size from about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm and is slaked prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium oxide has a particle size from about 63 mm to about 204 mm and is slaked prior to step (a).

In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

The present disclosure also provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout. In some embodiments, the admixture includes a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the admixture confers one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture according to the dosage of the calcium compound: self-healing, waterproof, shrinkage compensation: waterproof, anti-corrosion, workability, workability retention, and enhanced compressive strength.

The present disclosure also provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout. In some embodiments, the admixture includes SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the admixture confers one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture according to the dosage of the calcium compound: self-healing, waterproof, shrinkage compensation: waterproof, anti-corrosion, workability, workability retention, and enhanced compressive strength.

The present disclosure also provides an admixture for concrete. In some embodiments, the admixture comprises a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and is produced in accordance with ASTM C494 type S. In some embodiments, the admixture confers one or more of the following properties without detrimental effect as described in ASTM C494 when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproof, shrinkage compensation; waterproof, anti-corrosion, workability, workability retention, and enhanced compressive strength.

The present disclosure also provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout. In some embodiments, the admixture includes a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and is produced in accordance with EN 934. In some embodiments, the admixture confers one or more of the following properties without detrimental effect as described in EN 934 when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproof, shrinkage compensation; waterproof, anti-corrosion, workability, workability retention, and enhanced compressive strength.

The present disclosure also provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout. In some embodiments, the admixture includes a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and is produced in accordance with EN 934 or to a European Technical Assessments under a Regulation (EU) No 305/2011. In some embodiments, the admixture confers one or more of the following properties without detrimental effect as described in EN 934 when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproof, shrinkage compensation; waterproof, anti-corrosion, workability, workability retention, and enhanced compressive strength.

The present disclosure also provides an addition for concrete. In some embodiments, the addition is defined by EN 206. In some embodiment, the addition includes SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and is produced in accordance with EN 450 or to a European Technical Assessments under a Regulation (EU) No 305/2011. In some embodiments, the addition confers one or more of the following properties without detrimental effect as described in EN 450 when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproof, shrinkage compensation; waterproof, anti-corrosion, workability, workability retention, and enhanced compressive strength.

The present disclosure also provides an addition for concrete. In some embodiments, the addition includes SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the addition is produced in accordance with EN 450 or to a European Technical Assessments under a Regulation (EU) No 305/2011. In some embodiments, the addition confers one or more of the following properties without detrimental effect as described in EN 450 when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproof, shrinkage compensation; waterproof, anti-corrosion, workability, workability retention, and enhanced compressive strength.

The present disclosure also provides an addition for concrete. In some embodiments, the addition includes SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the addition is produced in accordance with ASTM C618. In some embodiments, the addition confers one or more of the following properties without detrimental effect as described in ASTM C618 when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproof, shrinkage compensation; waterproof, anti-corrosion, workability, workability retention, and enhanced compressive strength.

In some embodiments, the range of particle sizes of the calcium compound is g greater than about 0 to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1D depict the grain sizes of quick lime following crushing and sieving. Grain sizes prepared include 0.50-1.50 mm (FIG. 1A), 1.50-2.50 mm (FIG. 1B), and 2.50-3.50 mm (FIG. 1C). FIG. 1D depicts course-sized quicklime.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of pop-up by CaO grains on mix G.

FIGS. 3A and 3B depict images of the slump cone test.

FIG. 4 depicts a summary of experimental data demonstrating initial slump and slump retention for mixes A, B, D. H, and control. The order of curves, top to bottom, at X-axis point 60 min is mix H, mix B, control, mix D, and mix A.

FIG. 5 depicts experimental data demonstrating the results of heat development of concrete mixes. The order of curves, top to bottom, at X-axis point 10 h is mix A, mix D, control, and mix B.

FIG. 6 depicts a schematic representation of the water flow self-healing test.

FIG. 7 depicts an image of a pre-cracked sample with a crack width between 0.40 mm and 0.50 mm.

FIG. 8A depicts an HD screen for image analysis. FIG. 8B depicts a microscope and HD camera.

FIG. 9 depicts the evolution of flow over time for Mix A over 43 days.

FIG. 10 depicts the evolution of flow over time for Mix H over 46 days.

FIG. 11 depicts the discontinuous growth of white calcite globular crystals on the crack's wall.

FIG. 12 depicts the continuous growth of white calcite globular crystals on the crack's wall.

FIG. 13 depicts an example of image analysis for Mix A used for coverage ratio.

FIG. 14 depicts an example of image analysis for Mix H used for coverage ratio.

FIG. 15 depicts heat of hydration results. The order of curves, top to bottom, at X-axis point 15:00 h is mix S, mix N, mix M, mix L, and control.

FIGS. 16A and 16B depict a summary of heat of hydration test results of mortar mixes.

FIG. 17 depicts the flow rate versus time for mixes G1 (over 24 days) and H1 (over 46 days).

FIG. 18 depicts an image of Mix H1 at 20× magnification observed from the sealed section, and shows examples of quicklime grains (red arrows).

FIG. 19 depicts an image of Mix H1 at 50× magnification observed from the sealed section, and shows an example of quicklime grain which has reacted with water and formation of calcium hydroxide near it.

FIG. 20 depicts an image of Mix H1 at 100× magnification observed from the sealed section, and shows an example of quicklime grains with whiter reaction edges and amorphous “micro-globes” of calcium hydroxide.

FIG. 21 depicts an image of Mix H1 at 300× magnification observed from the sealed section, and shows an example of amorphous “micro-globes” of calcium hydroxide.

FIG. 22 depicts an image of Mix H1 at 900× magnification observed from the sealed section, and shows an example of amorphous “micro-globes” at very high magnification.

FIG. 23 depicts an image of Mix H1 at 200× magnification observed from the sealed section. The amorphous “micro-globes” covers homogeneously the cement paste.

FIG. 24 depicts an image of Mix G1 at 300× magnification observed from the sealed section, showing the white mass covering the cement paste.

FIG. 25 depicts an image of Mix G1 at 600× magnification observed from the sealed section, showing an example of acicular crystals.

FIG. 26 depicts an image of Mix G1 at 1000× magnification observed from the sealed section. The red circles show “micro-globes” surrounded by acicular crystals.

FIG. 27 depicts an image of Mix G1 at 300× magnification, showing cement paste covered homogeneously by reaction product observed from the sealed section.

FIG. 28A depicts an image of Mix H1b at 30× magnification observed from a cut section, showing red arrows indicating calcium oxide visible in solid concrete. FIG. 28B depicts an image of Mix G1b at 50× magnification observed from a cut section, showing calcium oxide is not visible or absorbed in solid concrete.

FIG. 29 depicts a chart illustrating examples of calcium compound dosages useful in cement blends for concrete based on total binder content (total content of cement and SCM).

FIG. 30 depicts a chart illustrating the fineness of the fly ash used in certain mixes containing fly ash as described herein.

FIG. 31 depicts a chart showing experimental data related to concrete mixes of the disclosure with dry compounds in different grain size and dosage. The chart compares performances of some specimens of the disclosure casted with dry compounds in different grain size and dosage.

FIG. 32 depicts a chart showing experimental data related to concrete mixes of the disclosure with calcium compounds in different composition and form, at a fixed dosage. The chart compares performances of some specimens of the disclosure casted with compounds of different composition and form, at a fix dosage (40 kg/m³).

FIG. 33 depicts a chart showing experimental data related to concrete mixes of the disclosure with dry calcium compound containing essentially CaO+MgO. The chart shows the improved performances of specimens of the disclosure with dry compound containing essentially CaO+MgO (B2) compared to a specimen casted without calcium compound (CONTROL (C)), in relation to compressive strength at 28 days (tested according to SN EN 12390-3).

FIG. 34 depicts a chart showing experimental data of additional exams for concrete mixes of the disclosure with dry compounds in different grain size and dosage. The chart compares dry shrinkage performances of some specimens of the disclosure casted with dry compounds in different grain size and dosage.

FIG. 35 depicts a graph showing experimental data related to early-stage drying shrinkage. FIG. 35 shows the early-stage dry shrinkage performances of the specimen R and CONTROL (C). The specimen including the calcium compound shows early-stage (at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days) reductions of dry shrinkage (line beginning at 0.009 on day 3), which are desired to reduce crack in early stages, in comparison to CONTROL (C) (line beginning at 0.022 on day 3).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to, in part, the surprising finding that concrete mixtures of specific formulations comprising calcium compounds, such as calcium oxide (CaO), exhibit improved self-healing without a detrimental reduction in concrete workability or a reduction in compressive strength. The methods and compositions described herein provide safe and reliable infrastructure, as well as economic and environmental sustainability due to, for example, reduced costs and lower CO₂emissions from less building maintenance and longer building life.

Methods

In one aspect, the present disclosure includes a method of making a cementicious mixture for building materials comprising:

- (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and
- (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementious mixture optionally comprises supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the cementious mixture comprises supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. As used herein, the term “cementicious mixture” refers to a mixture (e.g. grout, mortar, concrete) comprising ordinary Portland Cement, and may optionally comprise other materials such as supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates. As used herein, the term “total binder content” refers to the total weight of OPC and SCM in a cementitious mixture (e.g., total of kg/m³of OPC and kg/m³of SCM).

In some embodiments, step b) occurs after step a). In some embodiments, step a) and step b) occur simultaneously. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the addition of water to a calcium compound, such as quicklime, is exothermic, thereby producing heat. In some embodiments, once water is added to the cementitious mixture, the heat produced from the hydration of the calcium compound provides a protective rim around calcined lime clasts. As used herein, the term “quicklime” refers to calcium oxide. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the dosage and the presence or the absence of aggregates, and the dosage of water in the cementicious mixture will determine the nature of the building material, such as one of grout, mortart or concrete. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is not slaked prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is slaked prior to step (a).

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of making a cementitious mixture for building materials comprising:

- (a) combining a calcium compound with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to obtain a cementitious mixture;
- (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture; and
- (c) mixing the water and the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture optionally comprises supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of making a cementicious mixture for building materials comprising:

- (a) obtaining a cementicious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregates, and optionally further comprising coarse aggregates, and
- (b) adding water to the cementicious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementicious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes a method of making a cementicious mixture for building materials comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In some embodiments, the cementious mixture optionally comprises supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the cementious mixture comprises supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the cementious mixture optionally comprises fine aggregates. In some embodiments, the cementious mixture optionally comprises coarse aggregates. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing building materials (e.g. grout, mortar, concrete) comprising:

- (a) pouring a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium composition, water, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally further comprising fine aggregate, coarse aggregates and supplementary cementitious material (SCM); and
- (b) allowing the cementitious mixture to set by reaction of the cementitious mixture with the water to form a hardened mass. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementicious mixture. In some embodiments, the building material is a hardened cementitious material. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the building material is concrete. In some embodiments, the method comprises pouring the concrete onto a surface. In some embodiments, the method of preparing concrete comprises preparing a cement-based surface. In some embodiments, the method comprises pouring the cement onto a surface. In some embodiments, the method of preparing cement comprises preparing a cement-based surface. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, any surface is contemplated by the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method comprises pouring the cement into a concrete form. As used herein, a “concrete form” is a solid barrier that helps to hold the fluid cementitious mixture in place until it hardens and acquire a particular shape. Non-limiting examples of concrete forms include wooden forms, insulated concrete forms, foam concrete forms, concrete wall forms, and steel forms. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more reinforcements to form a reinforced concrete. Any reinforcement is contemplated by the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the reinforcement comprises one or more materials selected from steel, polymers, fibers, and/or alternate composite material.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of repairing a fracture in a cementitious building material comprising:

- (a) pouring a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium composition, water, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally further comprising fine aggregate, coarse aggregates and supplementary cementitious material (SCM) into the fracture; and
- (b) allowing the cementitious mixture to set by reaction of the cementitious mixture with the water to form a hardened mass. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementicious mixture.

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes a method of making a blended cement for building materials comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the cementitious mixture.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, wherein the admixture conforms to ASTM C494 and EN 934, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and mixing the calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and mixing the calcium oxide with any admixture listed by ASTM C494 and/or EN 934. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and mixing the calcium oxide with SCM. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and adding water to the calcium oxide to form a slurry. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes and mixing the calcium oxide with sand. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture, the method comprising mixing quicklime with SCM. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete addition and/or a cement addition, the method comprising mixing quicklime with SCM. In some embodiments, the SCM is fly ash. In some embodiments, the quicklime is reduced to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a cement addition comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a cement addition, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide with SCM. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also includes a method of preparing a cement addition, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and/or a range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

Cementitious Mixtures and Compositions

In one aspect, the disclosure provides cementitious mixtures. In some embodiments, cementitious mixtures include cement, such as ordinary Portland cement, and optionally include supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregates, course aggregates, admixtures and and/or admixtures identified in ASTM C494 and EN 934, including plasticizers or retarders. In some embodiment, the cementitious mixture further include water. In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture is a cement paste mixture. In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture is a grout mixture. In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture is a mortar mixture. In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture is a concrete mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixtures further comprise a calcium compound. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, “ASTM C494” refers to standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, “EN 934” refer to European Standard for admixtures for concrete, mortar, and grout.

In another aspect, the disclosure provides a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, admixtures identified in ASTM C494 include specific performance admixture wherein the admixture provides a desired performance characteristic(s) other than reducing water content, or changing the time of setting of concrete, or both, without any adverse effects on fresh, hardened and durability properties of concrete as specified in ASTM C494, excluding admixtures that are used primarily in the manufacture of dry-cast concrete products.

As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, admixtures identified in EN 934 include admixtures that are capable of being effective in their intended use without detrimental effects, and admixtures for concrete include material added during the mixing process of concrete in a quantity not more than 5% by mass of the cement content of the concrete in order to modify the properties of the mix in the fresh and/or hardened state.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixtures comprise a total binder content comprising, consisting essentially of and/or consisting of cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM).

In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 50 kg/m³to about 400 kg/m³OPC, about 0 kg/m³to about 400 kg/m³SCM, about 10 kg/m³to about 100 kg/m³calcium compound, and about 10 kg/m³to about 150 kg/m³calcium compound.

In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 100% OPC. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 80% to about 90% OPC and about 10% to about 20% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 85% to about 95% OPC and about 5% to about 15% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 90% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 10% SCM.

In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 60% to about 70% OPC and about 30% to about 40% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 65% to about 75% OPC and about 25% to about 35% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 65% to about 70% OPC and about 30% to about 35% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 70% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 30% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 70% OPC and about 30% SCM.

In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 50% OPC and about 50% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 40% OPC and about 60% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 30% OPC and about 70% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 30% to about 50% OPC and about 50% to about 70% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 30% to about 40% OPC and about 60% to about 70% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 40% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 60% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 40% to about 50% OPC and about 50% to about 60% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 50% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 50% SCM.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, OPC, and SCM. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound added to the mixture is a dosage of a certain percentage of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises a dosage of calcium compound of a certain percentage of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In a non-limiting example, if the calcium compound is added to the mixture at a dosage of about 10% of the total binder content (e.g., total of mg/m³cement and mg/m³SCM) of the cementitious mixture, and the total binder content is about 300 kg/m³, then the dosage of calcium compound is about 30 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³, about 200 kg/m³, about 300 kg/m³, about 400 kg/m³, about 500 kg/m³, about 600 kg/m³, or about 700 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 900 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 900 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 900 kg/m³to about 1200 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 1000 kg/m³to about 1100 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 1100 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg/m³, about 900 kg/m³, about 1000 kg/m³, about 1100 kg/m³, about 1200 kg/m³, or about 1300 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 25% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 25% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 15% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 20% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 20% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 25% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, or about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, or about 8% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm.

In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, or about 8% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and the calcium compound has a particle size from about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and the calcium compound has a particle size from about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm.

In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of calcium compound is about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and/or consists of a mixture of FIG. 28A. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and/or consists of a mixture of FIG. 28B. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and/or consists of a mixture of Table 13. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and/or consists of a mixture of Table 15. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises water, fine aggregates, and optionally coarse aggregates.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³to about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 15% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 25% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 25% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³to about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12% about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, or about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12% about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, or about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1%, about 5%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12% about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1%, about 5%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12% about 13%, about 14%, or about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 600 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5%, about 10%, or about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1%, about 5% about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, or about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg/m³to about 1300 kg/m³, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1%, about 5% or about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 100% OPC, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 100% OPC, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 100% OPC, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 100% OPC, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 10% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 100% OPC, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 30% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 30% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 30% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM, and the dosage of calcium compound is about 30% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 50 kg/m³to about 400 kg/m³OPC and about 0 kg/m³to about 400 kg/m³SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 50 kg/m³to about 400 kg/m³OPC and about 0 kg/m³SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³OPC and about 100 kg/m³to about 350 kg/m³SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 250 kg/m³to about 300 kg/m³OPC and about 100 kg/m³to about 150 kg/m³SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 270 kg/m³to about 290 kg/m³OPC and about 110 kg/m³to about 130 kg/m³SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 470 kg/m³to about 490 kg/m³OPC and about 80 kg/m³to about 90 kg/m³SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 280 kg/m³OPC and about 120 kg/m³SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 481 kg/m³OPC and about 85 kg/m³SCM.

In some embodiments, the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husks, palm oil ash (POA), and glass powder (GP). Other non-limiting examples of SCM include volcanic ash, silica fume, calcined clay, brick, cocciopesto, or other ceramic materials. In some embodiments, one ore more SCMs are added to cementitious mixtures to make concrete mixtures more economical, reduce permeability, increase strength, or influence other concrete properties. In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash. As used herein, “fly ash” refers to the residue from the combustion of powdered or ground coal, wherein the fly ash carried by flue gases may be recovered, for example, by electrostatic precipitation. A variety of fly ashes may be suitable, including fly ash classified as Class C and Class F fly ash according to American Petroleum Institute, API Specification for Materials and Testing for Well Cements, API Specification 10, Fifth Ed., Jul. 1, 1990. Two classes of fly ash are defined by ASTM C618: Class F fly ash and Class C fly ash. Class C fly ash comprises both silica and lime so that, when mixed with water, it sets to form a hardened mass. Class F fly ash generally does not contain sufficient lime, so an additional source of calcium ions is required for the Class F fly ash to form a cement composition with water. Suitable examples of fly ash include, but are not limited to, “POZMIX® A” cement additive, commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Duncan, Okla. In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises fly ash meeting the standards set by ASTM C618. In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises fly ash meeting the standards set by EN 450. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, “ASTM C618” refers to standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, “EN 450” refers to the European Standard definition, specifications and conformity criteria of fly ash for concrete.

In one aspect, the fly ash of the disclosure includes fly ash particles of a desirable size. Any method used for determining the particle size of fly ash is contemplated by the present disclosure, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In a non-limiting example, the particle size of fly ash is determined by sieving.

In some embodiments, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50% or about 60% of particles of the fly ash have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater.

In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises Class N fly ash. In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises Class S fly ash. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 12% of particles of the fly ash have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 13% of particles of the fly ash have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 50% of particles of the fly ash have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater. In some embodiments, about 0% to about 60% of particles of the fly ash have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater.

In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises fly ash meeting the standards set by ASTM. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 34% of particles of the fly ash have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater.

In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 87% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 88% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 70% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 66% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 60% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 50% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 40% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 30% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 70% to about 60% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 60% to about 50% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments about 50% to about 40% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 40% to about 30% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% of the particles of the fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns.

As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, when more than about 88% of the particles of fly ash have a particle size smaller than about 45 microns, the fly ash is generally not commercially available and would need to be custom made, thus making the fly ash more expensive to use and less advantageous than commercially available fly ash. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, when more than 0% of fly ash is specifically required to have a particle size smaller than about 44 microns, or about 40 microns, or about 30 microns, or about 20 microns, the fly ash is generally not commercially available and would need to be custom made, thus making the fly ash more expensive to use and less advantageous than commercially available fly ash.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture does not comprise activated SCM, such as activated fly ash. Methods of activating SCM, such fly ash, would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, fly ash can be activated by fine grinding and combining with slaked calcium oxide.

In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture is a grout mixture. In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture is a mortar mixture. In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture is a concrete mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture comprises about 10 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³, about 140 kg/m³to about 160 kg/m³, about 10 kg/m³to about 150 kg/m³, about 20 kg/m³to about 100 kg/m³, about 22 kg/m³to about 100 kg/m³, about 20 kg/m³to about 60 kg/m³, about 15 kg/m³to about 25 kg/m³, about 25 kg/m³to about 75 kg/m³, about 35 kg/m³to about 70 kg/m³, about 30 kg/m³to about 90 kg/m³, about 35 kg/m³to about 45 kg/m³, about 40 kg/m³to about 60 kg/m³, about 40 kg/m³to about 50 kg/m³of calcium compound. In some embodiments, the cementicious mixture comprises about 20 kg/m³, about 25 kg/m³, about 30 kg/m³, about 35 kg/m³, about 40 kg/m³, about 45 kg/m³, about 50 kg/m³, about 60 kg/m³, about 70 kg/m³, about 75 kg/m³, about 90 kg/m³, about 100 kg/m³, or about 150 kg/m³of calcium compound.

In some embodiments, the concrete and/or concrete mixture comprises about 10 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³, about 140 kg/m³to about 160 kg/m³, 10 kg/m³to about 150 kg/m³, about 20 kg/m³to about 100 kg/m³, about 22 kg/m³to about 100 kg/m³, about 20 kg/m³to about 60 kg/m³, about 15 kg/m³to about 25 kg/m³, about 25 kg/m³to about 75 kg/m³, about 35 kg/m³to about 70 kg/m³, about 30 kg/m³to about 90 kg/m³, about 35 kg/m³to about 45 kg/m³, about 40 kg/m³to about 60 kg/m³, about 40 kg/m³to about 50 kg/m³of calcium compound. In some embodiments, the concrete and/or concrete mixture comprises about 20 kg/m³, about 25 kg/m³, about 30 kg/m³, about 35 kg/m³, about 40 kg/m³, about 45 kg/m³, about 50 kg/m³, about 60 kg/m³, about 70 kg/m³, about 75 kg/m³, about 90 kg/m³, about 100 kg/m³or about 150 kg/m³of calcium compound of calcium compound.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and/or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is not slaked (submerged in water) prior to being adding to the cementicious mixture. In some embodiments, the SCM is not premixed or combined with slaked calcium oxide prior to being added to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is slaked prior to being adding to the cementicious mixture.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and/or consists essentially of greater than about 80 wt %, greater than about 85 wt %, greater than about 90 wt %, greater than about 91 wt %, greater than about 92 wt %, greater than about 93 wt %, greater than about 94 wt %, greater than about 95 wt %, greater than about 96 wt %, greater than about 97 wt %, greater than about 98 wt %, or greater than about 99 wt % calcium oxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and/or consists essentially of greater than about 80 wt %, greater than about 85 wt %, greater than about 90 wt %, greater than about 91 wt %, greater than about 92 wt %, greater than about 93 wt %, greater than about 94 wt %, greater than about 95 wt %, greater than about 96 wt %, greater than about 97 wt %, greater than about 98 wt %, or greater than about 99 wt % calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and/or consists essentially of greater than about 80 wt %, greater than about 85 wt %, greater than about 90 wt %, greater than about 91 wt %, greater than about 92 wt %, greater than about 93 wt %, greater than about 94 wt %, greater than about 95 wt %, greater than about 96 wt %, greater than about 97 wt %, greater than about 98 wt %, or greater than about 99 wt % calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), and magnesium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and/or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and/or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide, optionally further comprising magnesium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, optionally further comprising calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 67 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium oxide and about 0 wt % to about 33 wt % calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 33 wt % to about 66 wt % calcium oxide and about 34 wt % to about 67 wt % calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0 wt % to about 32 wt % calcium oxide and about 68 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound further comprises magnesium oxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0 wt % to about 5 wt % magnesium oxide and about 95 wt % to about 100 wt % calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 6 wt % to about 35 wt % magnesium oxide and about 65 wt % to about 94 wt % calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 36 wt % to about 46 wt % magnesium oxide and about 64 wt % to about 54 wt % calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 47 wt % to about 50 wt % magnesium oxide and about 53 wt % to about 50 wt % calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 51 wt % to about 75 wt % magnesium oxide and about 50 wt % to about 25 wt % calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 76 wt % to about 100 wt % magnesium oxide and about 24 wt % to about 0 wt % calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound further comprises calcium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound is dry. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is not slaked. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is damp. As used herein, damp refers to calcium compound that has been combined with an amount of water that does not result in hydration of the calcium compound.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of slaked lime (submerged in water). In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises of OPC and SCM. In some embodiments, the SCM is fly ash. In some embodiments, from about 2% to about 60% of the fly ash have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises slaked lime, such as lime that has been submerged in water. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of 100% OPC.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size greater than about 0 to about 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.075 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 3.5 mm to about 4 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 4 mm to about 5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 4 mm to about 6 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 4 mm to about 7 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 4 mm to about 8 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 4 mm to about mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 4 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound is calcium oxide, and has a particle size from about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is calcium oxide, and has a particle size from about 63 mm to about 204 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is calcium oxide, has a particle size from about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm and is slaked prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium compound is calcium oxide, has a particle size from about 63 mm to about 204 mm and is slaked prior to step (a).

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and/or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide having a particle size less than about 0.3 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.1 mm, about 0.09 mm, about 0.08 mm, about 0.07 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.04 mm, about 0.03 mm, about 0.02 mm, or about 0.01 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and/or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide, wherein about 90 wt % to about 95 wt % of the calcium hydroxide has a particle size less than about 0.3 mm or about 0.2 mm, and about 10 wt % to about 15 wt % of the calcium hydroxide has a particle size less than about 0.7 mm or about 0.6 mm.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of high calcium quicklime. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of dolomitic quicklime.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of high calcium hydrated lime. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of dolomitic hydrated lime.

In some embodiments, the calcium compound is of a coarse grain size (e.g. from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm) in order to prevent an excessive heat of hydration of concrete prepared by the methods of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the heat of hydration is increased by less than about 10° ° C., less than about 9° C., less than about 8° C., less than about 7° C., less than about 6° C., less than about 5° C., less than about 4° C., less than about 3° C., less than about 2° C., less than about 1° C., or about 0° C., relative to a concrete mix without a calcium compound. In some embodiments, calcium compound of a coarse grain size is used when a higher wt % (dosage) of the calcium compound is utilized in the concrete and/or concrete mixture.

In some embodiments, calcium oxide is made by calcining calcium carbonate at temperatures ranging from about 500° C., to about 1550° C., about 600° C., to about 1450° C., about 600° C., to about 1000° C., about 600° C., to about 750° C., about 1300° C., to about 1450° C., or over 1300° C. In some embodiments, the calcined lime can be crushed, ground or milled and sieved, and. In a non-limiting example, lime can be obtained from limestone, dolomitic limestone, marble and any other sources of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃).

In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 100 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³water. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 150 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³water. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 170 kg/m³to about 190 kg/m³water. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 180 kg/m³water. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 350 kg/m³to about 370 kg/m³water.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone dust, and clay. In some embodiments, the fine aggregate comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of sand. In some embodiments, the fine aggregates comprise particles less than about 10 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the fine aggregates comprise particles less than about 5 mm in diameter.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 500 kg/m³to about 2000 kg/m³fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 500 kg/m³to about 1000 kg/m³fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 700 kg/m³to about 800 kg/m³fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 750 kg/m³to about 800 kg/m³fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1000 kg/m³to about 1100 kg/m³fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1500 kg/m³to about 2000 kg/m³fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1600 kg/m³to about 1800 kg/m³fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1700 kg/m³to about 1800 kg/m³fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1700 kg/m³to about 1750 kg/m³fine aggregate.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises coarse aggregates. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregates comprise one or more of gravel, crushed stone, cobble, and boulders. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregates comprise particles greater than about 9.5 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregates comprise particles greater than about 5 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregates comprise particles between about 9.5 mm to about 38 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregates comprise particles between about 4 mm to about 8 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregates comprise particles between about 8 mm to about 16 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregates comprise particles between about 4 mm to about 8 mm in diameter and particles between about 8 mm to about 16 mm in diameter.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 0 kg/m³to about 1000 kg/m³coarse aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 0 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³coarse aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 700 kg/m³to about 800 kg/m³coarse aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 0 kg/m³to about 200 kg/m³of a first coarse aggregate and about 700 kg/m³to about 800 kg/m³of a second coarse aggregate.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises fine aggregates and coarse aggregates.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a grout mixture prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the grout mixture comprises OPC and optionally SCM, water, fine aggregate, and the calcium compound. In some embodiments, the grout mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a mortar mixture prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the mortar mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein, water, fine aggregate, and the calcium compound. In some embodiments, the mortar mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a concrete prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises OPC, and optionally comprises SCM, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and the calcium compound. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture described herein.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a concrete mixture prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete mixture comprises OPC, and optionally comprises SCM, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and the calcium compound. In some embodiments, the concrete mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a concrete prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises OPC, and optionally comprises SCM, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and the calcium compound. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water, optionally wherein the fine aggregates comprises one or more of one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone dust, and clay, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a reinforcement. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete further comprises supplementary cementitious material (SCM), optionally wherein the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husks, palm oil ash (POA), and glass powder (GP). In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a concrete comprising a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), optionally supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water, optionally wherein the fine aggregates comprises one or more of one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone dust, and clay, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, optionally comprising a reinforcement.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more workability enhancing and or workability retarding chemical admixtures to a cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the workability enhancer admixtures comprise plasticisers, superplasticizers, and hyperplasticizers. In some embodiments, the workability retarding admixtures comprise plasticizers-retarders. In some embodiments, the chemical admixtures can be added in the dry form or in the form of a solution. These admixtures help to reduce the water demand of the mixture and extend the workability. Non-limiting examples of plasticizers include hydrocarbon oils (e.g. paraffin, aromatic and naphthenic oils), long chain alkyl diesters (e.g. phthalic acid esters, such as dioctyl phthalate, and adipic acid esters, such as dioctyl adipate), sebacic acid esters, glycol, fatty acid, phosphoric and stearic esters, epoxy plasticizers (e.g. epoxidized soybean oil), polyether and polyester plasticizers, alkyl monoesters (e.g. butyl oleate), long chain partial ether esters (e.g. butyl cellosolve oleate). In some embodiments, the plasticizer is a superplasticizer. Non-limiting examples of superplasticizers include polynapthalene sulfonates, polyacrylates, polycarboxylates, lignosulfonates, melamine sulfonates, and the like. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a concrete mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1 kg/m³to about 25 kg/m³plasticizer. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 2 kg/m³to about 15 kg/m³plasticizer. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 4 kg/m³to about 5 kg/m³plasticizer. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 5 kg/m³to about 15 kg/m³plasticizers. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 5 kg/m³to about 10 kg/m³plasticizer. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 10 kg/m³to about 15 kg/m³plasticizer. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 15 kg/m³to about 20 kg/m³plasticizer. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a concrete mixture.

In some embodiments, the concrete and/or concrete mixture of the disclosure comprises one or more plasticizers. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is present in an amount from about 1 kg/m³to about 25 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is present in an amount from about 2 kg/m³to about 15 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is present in an amount from about 4 kg/m³to about 5 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is present in an amount from about 5 kg/m³to about 15 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is present in an amount from about 5 kg/m³to about 10 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is present in an amount from about 10 kg/m³to about 15 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is present in an amount from about 15 kg/m³to about 20 kg/m³.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more retarders to the cementitious mixture. Retarders can be used to slow the rate of setting of concrete. Non-limiting examples of retarders include boric acid, borax, citric acid, potassium tartrate, sodium tartrate and the like, and any retarding agent identified in ASTM C494 and EN 934. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a concrete mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture.

In some embodiments, the concrete and/or concrete mixture comprises about 1 kg/m³to about 10 kg/m³retarders. In some embodiments, the concrete and/or concrete mixture comprises about 2 kg/m³to about 8 kg/m³retarders. In some embodiments, the concrete and/or concrete mixture comprises about 3 kg/m³to about 4 kg/m³retarders.

In some embodiments, the retarders are present in an amount from about 1 kg/m³to about 10 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the retarders are present in an amount from about 2 kg/m³to about 8 kg/m³. In some embodiments, the retarders are present in an amount from about 3 kg/m³to about 4 kg/m³.

Other admixtures also may be added to the compositions concrete and/or concrete mixture as desired for a particular application. Examples of such admixtures include, but are not limited to, admixtures identified in ASTM C494 and EN 934. A person having ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will readily be able to determine the type and amount of admixtures useful for a particular application and desired result.

In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises:

- a) a total binder content of about 60 wt % to about 70 wt % OPC and about 25 wt % to about 30 wt % SCM; and
- b) calcium compound, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size from about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm.