CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/551,340 filed on Aug. 26, 2019 that claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S. Ser. No. 62/722,674, filed on Aug. 24, 2018, the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics are promising new therapeutics; for example, mRNA therapeutics can be alternatives to traditional protein replacement therapies, antibody therapies, vaccine therapies and/or gene therapies. In an mRNA therapeutic, an intact mRNA encoding a specific enzyme, antibody, antigen or other protein or peptide is delivered to a target cell and is translated by the cell's own native translational machinery into the intact enzyme, antibody, antigen or other protein or peptide. mRNA for such therapeutics typically are synthesized using in vitro transcription systems with enzymes such as RNA polymerases transcribing mRNA from template plasmid DNA, along with or followed by addition of a 5′-cap and 3′-polyadenylation. Such reaction(s) result in a composition that includes both full-length mRNA and various undesirable contaminants, e.g., proteins, salts, buffers, and non-RNA nucleic acids used in the reaction(s) that have to be removed to provide a clean and homogeneous mRNA that is usable in an mRNA replacement therapeutic.

Traditionally, small scale mRNA is purified from in vitro transcription reactions by either commercially-available silica-based column systems, such as the Qiagen RNeasy® kit, or by protein extraction into an organic mix (phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol) and subsequent ethanol precipitation. These methods are limited in scale as they can provide maximally 5 to 10 mg of clean and homogeneous mRNA; thus, they are inadequate for the needs of clinical and commercial therapeutic uses of mRNA.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an improved large-scale purification method for in vitro synthesized mRNA based in part on the surprising finding that in vitro synthesized mRNA can be efficiently purified to a purity appropriate for clinical or commercial therapeutic uses, using normal flow filtration. Significantly, normal flow filtration methods described herein result in unexpectedly high yield of mRNA with high purity and integrity. Thus, the present invention permits more efficient and cost-effective manufacturing of high-quality mRNA for therapeutic use.

As used herein, the term “normal flow filtration” refers to a filtration process in which the material to be purified flows in a direction normal (i.e., perpendicular) to the surface of the filter. Materials that are too large to pass through the filter are retained whereas smaller materials pass through to the filtrate.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method for purifying messenger RNA (mRNA) that comprises the steps of: (a) precipitating mRNA in a composition comprising one or more contaminants from manufacturing the mRNA, to provide a suspension comprising precipitated mRNA; (b) subjecting the suspension comprising the precipitated mRNA to a filter wherein the precipitated mRNA is retained by the filter; (c) washing the precipitated mRNA by washing the filter from step (b) comprising the retained, precipitated mRNA; (d) dissolving the precipitated mRNA retained by the filter in step (c) thereby allowing purified mRNA to pass through the filter; and (e) recovering the purified mRNA from step (d), wherein each of steps (b), (c) and (d) is conducted using normal flow filtration.

In some embodiments, the manufacturing the mRNA comprises in vitro transcription (IVT) synthesis. In some embodiments, the manufacturing the mRNA comprises a step of 5′-capping of the mRNA after synthesis. In some embodiments, the manufacturing the mRNA does not comprise a step of 5′-capping of the mRNA. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of capping the purified mRNA with a 5′ cap, following step (e).

In some embodiments, the manufacturing the mRNA comprises a step of 3′-tailing of the mRNA. In some embodiments, the manufacturing the mRNA does not comprise a step of 3′-tailing of the mRNA. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of 3′ tailing of the purified mRNA, following step (e).

In some embodiments, the manufacturing the mRNA does not comprise a step of 5′-capping of the mRNA and does not comprise a step of 3′-tailing of the mRNA. In some embodiments, the method further comprises steps of capping the purified mRNA with a 5′ cap and 3′ tailing of the purified mRNA, following step (e).

In some embodiments, the one or more contaminants comprise an enzyme. In some embodiments, the enzyme is a polymerase used in IVT synthesis of mRNA. In some embodiments, the enzyme is a capping enzyme. In some embodiments, the enzyme is a poly A polymerase. In some embodiments, the one or more contaminants comprise a salt. In some embodiments, the one or more contaminants comprise short abortive transcripts.

In some embodiments, a filter suitable for normal flow filtration has a pore size (e.g., pore diameter) or a molecular weight cut off (MWCO) that is substantially smaller than the precipitated mRNA and larger than the soluble mRNA or contaminants so that the precipitated mRNA can be retained on the filter while the soluble contaminants flow through.

In some embodiments, a filter suitable for the invention is a membrane filter. In some embodiments, the membrane filter has a molecular weight cut off (MWCO) that is substantially smaller than the precipitated mRNA and larger than soluble mRNA or contaminants.

In some embodiments, a membrane filter has a format of pleated filter, a wrapped filter, or a capsule filter. In some embodiments, a filter comprises a filter screen.

In some embodiments, a filter suitable for the invention is a depth filter. In some embodiments, the depth filter has a pore size or pore diameter that is substantially smaller than the precipitated mRNA and larger than the soluble mRNA or contaminants.

In some embodiments, a filter is made of an inert material. In some embodiments, an inert material suitable for the invention is polypropylene. In some embodiments, an inert material is modified polyether sulfone (mPES). In some embodiments, an inert material is polyether sulfone (PES). In some embodiments, an inert material is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In some embodiments, an inert material is cellulose. In some embodiments, an inert material is diatomaceous earth. In some embodiments, the inert material is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In some embodiments, the inert material is nitrocellulose. In some embodiments, the inert material is polyethylene. In some embodiments, the inert material is polyacrylonitrile. In some embodiments, the inert material is polycarbonate. In some embodiments, the inert material is nylon.

In some embodiments, a filter comprises one or more three-dimensional matrices. In some embodiments, the one or more three-dimensional matrices is a felt matrix. In some embodiments, the thickness of the felt is about 1 millimeter (mm) to about 1 centimeter (cm) (e.g., about 1-500 mm, about 1-400 mm, about 1-300 mm, about 1-200 mm, about 1-100 mm, about 1-50 mm, about 1-40 mm, about 1-30 mm, about 1-20 mm, about 1-10 mm, or about 1-5 mm). In some embodiments, the thickness of the felt is between 1-10 mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the felt is between 1-5 mm. In some embodiments, the thickness of the felt is less than 1 centimeter, less than 0.5 cm, less than 0.4 cm, less than 0.3 cm, less than 0.25 cm, less than 0.2 cm, less than 0.1 cm, less than 50 mm, less than 40 mm, less than 30 mm, less than 25 mm, less than 20 mm, less than 15 mm, less than 10 mm or less than 5 mm. In some embodiments, a filter comprises at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten three-dimensional matrices. In some embodiments, a filter comprises stacked three-dimensional matrices.

In some embodiments, a filter has an average pore size that facilitates retaining of precipitated mRNA. In some embodiments, a filter has an average pore size of between 0.001 μm and 500 μm, between 0.01 μm and 200 μm, or between 0.05 μm and 100 μm. In some embodiments, a filter has an average pore size of 0.05 μm or greater. In some embodiments, a filter has an average pore size of 0.5 μm or greater. In some embodiments, a filter has an average pore size of 5 μm or greater. In some embodiments, a filter has an average pore size of 10 μm or greater. In some embodiments, a filter has an average pore size of 20 μm or greater. In some embodiments, a filter has an average pore size of 25 μm or greater.

In some embodiments, a filter has a total surface area that facilitates capturing and/or distribution of the precipitated mRNA. In particular embodiments, a filter has a total surface area that provides for no gel layer for the amount of mRNA distributed onto the filter.

In some embodiments, a method according to the present invention requires no dispersant added to the suspension containing the precipitated mRNA.

In some embodiments, the step of precipitating mRNA comprises use of an organic solvent to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, the step of precipitating the mRNA comprises use of ethanol to precipitate the mRNA.

In some embodiments, the step of precipitating mRNA does not comprise an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the step of precipitating mRNA does not comprise an organic solvent and the mRNA is precipitated using polyethylene glycol (PEG). In some embodiments, the step of precipitating mRNA comprises using PEG to precipitate the mRNA.

In some embodiments, the step of precipitating mRNA does not comprise an organic solvent and comprises triethylene glycol (TEG) to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, the step of precipitating mRNA comprises use of TEG to precipitate the mRNA.

In some embodiments, the step of precipitating mRNA does not comprise an organic solvent and comprises triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (MTEG) to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, the step of precipitating mRNA comprises use of MTEG to precipitate the mRNA.

In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA comprises washing the precipitated mRNA with one or more salt washes. In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA comprises one or more washes with an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA comprises one or more of ethanol wash.

In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA does not comprise an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA does not comprise an organic solvent and comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG). In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA comprises one or more washes comprising PEG. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 90 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 80 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 70 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 60 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 50 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 40 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 30 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 20 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 10 centistrokes or less.

In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA does not comprise an organic solvent and comprises triethylene glycol (TEG). In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA comprises one or more washes comprising TEG.

In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA does not comprise an organic solvent and comprises triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (MTEG). In some embodiments, the step of washing the precipitated mRNA comprises one or more washes comprising MTEG.

In some embodiments, the normal flow filtration comprises one or more of: constant flow; constant pressure; variable flow; variable pressure; flow by wicking and gravity control.

In some embodiments, the normal flow filtration comprises a system and/or filter that are for single use. In some embodiments, the normal flow filtration comprises a system and/or filter that are for multi-use.

In some embodiments, the recovery step comprises one or more of:

recirculation of water/buffer;

single pass flush of water/buffer; and

reverse flush of water/buffer.

A method according to the present invention may be used to purify any mRNA that encodes a protein or a peptide. In some embodiments, the protein is a metabolic protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is an enzyme. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a receptor protein. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a secreted protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a non-secreted protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a cytosolic protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a nuclear protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a mitochondrial protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a lysosomal protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is an endoplasmic reticulum protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a Golgi protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the protein or peptide is a structural membrane protein or peptide.

In some embodiments, the protein is an antibody or antibody fragment. In some embodiments, the protein is an antigen. In some embodiments, the protein is a cancer associated antigen. In some embodiments, the protein is a vaccine. In some embodiments, the protein is selected from ABC7, ABCB3, ABCB7, ABCC7, ABCD1, AKT; AKT2, AKT3, ATF4, AKT2; AKT3; ALAS2, Alpha galactosidase, Alpha-1 Protease inhibitor, APA, APC; APOA1, APOE, Anti-trypsin alpha 1, Arginosuccinate synthase, ASAT; ATM; ATP7B, ATR; Atrophin-1; ATX3; Atxn10; ATXN2; Atxn7; ATXN1; Bax; Bcl2; Bcl2; BRCA1; BRCA2; Carbamylphosphate Synthase, CASP8, CBP (Creb-BP); CDKN2a; CFTR, CREB1, CVAP, CYP1B1, DBA, DMD, DMPK; EGFR, EIF2B1, EIF2BA, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B5, EIF2B4; ERBB2; ERBB3; ERBB4; Erythropoietin, Factor IX, Factor V; Factor VII, Factor VII; Factor VIII; Factor VIIIa light chain, Factor X; Factor XI (F11); Factor XII deficiency (F12, HAF); Factor XIIIA (F13Al, F13A); Factor XIIIB (F13B); FBN1, FGF Receptor Family members; FHL3; FKRP, FXN/X25; FXR1, G6PC, G6PT, GAA, Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, GLUT2, H1Fla; HBA1; HBB; HBA2, HBB, HBD, Heparan N-sulfatase, HIF; HIF3a; HLH3, HPLH2, HPLH3, Huntingtin, IDH2; IDH1, IGF Receptor; IGF; IGF1R, Igf2 Receptor; Igf2; Igfl Receptor; Igfl; ITGB2, KIAA1596; Kras; LCRB, Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, MRP7, MUNC13-4, N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase, NOS3, NPC1, OTC (Ornithine transcarbamylase), PAH, PKHD1, PKD1, PKD2, PKD4, PKLR, PKU1, PPAR gamma; PPARalpha; PRF1, PSEN2, PSF2, PTEN; RB, Retinoschisin; RING11, SBMA/SMAXl/AR; SEC63, SERPINA1, SERPINA2, SERPINA3, SERPINA5, SERPINA6, SFTPA1, SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD, SLC2A, SLC7A9, SMPD1, SPTB, TAP2, TAPBP, TPSN, UNC13D, VEGF-a, VEGF-b, VEGF-c, VLDLR; and WT1.

In some embodiments, the protein is a CFTR protein. In some embodiments, the protein is an OTC protein.

In some embodiments, a method of the invention results in high recovery of total purified mRNA. In some embodiments, the purified mRNA is recovered in an amount that results in a yield of about 85% or greater, 90% or greater, 91% or greater, 92% or greater, 93% or greater, 94% or greater, 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater or 99% or greater. In some embodiments, the total purified mRNA is recovered in an amount that results in a yield of at least about 99%.

In some embodiments, the total purified mRNA is substantially free of a protein contaminant.

In some embodiments, the total purified mRNA is substantially free of short abortive transcript contaminant.

In some embodiments, the total purified mRNA has greater than 95% integrity.

In some embodiments, the purity of the purified mRNA is determined by electrophoresis. In some embodiments, the purity of the mRNA is determined by capillary electrophoresis. In some embodiments, the purity of the purified mRNA is determined by chromatography. In some embodiments, the purity of the purified mRNA is determined by HPLC.

In some embodiments, at least about 0.5 grams of RNA is purified. In some embodiments, at least about 1 gram of RNA is purified. In some embodiments, at least about 10 grams of RNA is purified. In some embodiments, at least about 50 grams of RNA is purified. In some embodiments, at least about 100 grams of RNA is purified. In some embodiments, at least about 1 kilograms of RNA is purified.

In particular embodiments, the invention provides a method of purifying a composition comprising 100 gm or more of mRNA manufactured by in vitro transcription (IVT) synthesis, the method comprising: precipitating the IVT-transcribed mRNA comprising one or more contaminants from the IVT synthesis to generate a suspension; subjecting the suspension comprising the precipitated mRNA and contaminants to normal flow filtration through a filter, where the precipitated mRNA is retained by the filter; washing the mRNA retained on the filter; recovering the mRNA from the filter in a solution, thereby purifying the mRNA, wherein at least 85% of the mRNA is recovered and the recovered mRNA has an integrity of 90% or greater and is substantially free of protein contaminants.

In various embodiments, a suitable filter (e.g., a polypropylene felt filter) has a total surface area of up to about 264 square meters or more. In various embodiments, a suitable filter (e.g., a polypropylene felt filter) has a total surface area of up to about 528 square meters or more. In various embodiments, a suitable filter (e.g., a polypropylene felt filter) has a total surface area of up to about 1056 square meters or more.

In various embodiments, the purified mRNA using a method based on normal flow filtration described herein has a clinical grade purity without any further purification steps. As used herein, the term “clinical grade” refers to a grade of sufficient purity for clinical use. In some embodiments, a clinical grade refers to a purity that meets or exceeds requirement by the US Pharmacopoeia (USP) or the National Formulary (NF), or the standards set forth by British Pharmacopoeia, and European Pharmacopoeia. In some embodiments, the term “pharmacopoeia grade” is used interchangeably with “clinical grade”.

In some embodiments, the clinical grade purity is achieved without the further purification steps selected from HPLC purification, ligand or binding based purification, TFF purification, and/or ion exchange chromatography.

In various embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, or 1% or less protein contaminants as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 5% or less protein contaminants as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 4% or less protein contaminants as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 3% or less protein contaminants as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 2% or less protein contaminants as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 1% or less protein contaminants as determined by capillary electrophoresis.

In various embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less or 1% or less protein contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 5% or less protein contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 4% or less protein contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 3% or less protein contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 2% or less protein contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 1% or less protein contaminants by HPLC.

In various embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2% or less than 1% salt contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 5% or less salt contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 4% or less salt contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 3% or less salt contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 2% or less salt contaminants by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA according to a method described herein is determined to comprise 1% or less salt contaminants by HPLC.

In various embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less or 1% or less short abortive RNA contaminants by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 5% or less short abortive RNA contaminants by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 4% or less short abortive RNA contaminants by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 3% or less short abortive RNA contaminants by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 2% or less short abortive RNA contaminants by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 1% or less short abortive RNA contaminants by capillary electrophoresis.

In various embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less or 1% or less short abortive RNA contaminants as determined by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 5% or less short abortive RNA contaminants as determined by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 4% or less short abortive RNA contaminants as determined by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 3% or less short abortive RNA contaminants as determined by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 2% or less short abortive RNA contaminants as determined by HPLC. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise 1% or less short abortive RNA contaminants as determined by HPLC.

In various embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise an integrity of 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater, or 99% or greater as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise an integrity of 95% or greater as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise an integrity of 96% or greater as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise an integrity of 97% or greater as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise an integrity of 98% or greater as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise an integrity of 98% or greater as determined by capillary electrophoresis. In certain embodiments, the purified mRNA is determined to comprise an integrity of 99% or greater as determined by capillary electrophoresis.

Among other things, the present invention provides a composition comprising mRNA purified using various methods described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the purified mRNA described herein and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient. The present invention also provides methods for treating a disease or disorder including administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition described herein.

The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishes the knowledge that is available to those with skill in the art. All United States patents and published or unpublished United States patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference. All published foreign patents and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. All other published references, documents, manuscripts and scientific literature cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the Drawings and the following detailed description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further features will be more clearly appreciated from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings however are for illustration purposes only; not for limitation.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary depth filter design.

FIG. 2 demonstrates change in filter resistance with respect to the amount of CFTR-encoding mRNA loaded onto the filter in an exemplary mRNA purification study using a depth filter.

FIG. 3 shows a change in filter conductivity with increasing Ethanol Flush Volume indicating the effectiveness of the flush volume in removing salt from the precipitated mRNA.

FIG. 4 demonstrates percent mRNA recovery of in vitro transcribed CFTR mRNA over recirculation time.

FIG. 5 demonstrates change in filter resistance with respect to the amount of mRNA loaded onto the filter after a second precipitation (Precipitation 2) of CFTR mRNA.

FIG. 6 shows a photograph of the filtrates from mRNA loading and washing in an exemplary study using depth filtration, (left—filtrate from mRNA capping and tailing reaction (C/T) precipitated a first time (Precipitation 1) and captured by the filter matrix before dissolving the precipitate and collecting the dissolved mRNA in filtrate; right—filtrate from mRNA in Precipitation 1 precipitated a second time (Precipitation 2) captured by the filter matrix before dissolving the precipitate and collecting the dissolved mRNA in filtrate).

FIG. 7 shows a plot of Filtrate Conductivity over 80% Ethanol Flush Volume of Precipitation 1 and Precipitation 2. The figure demonstrates reduction of filtrate conductivity with increasing volume of ethanol flushes during the exemplary depth filtration of C/T mRNA.

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B each shows a plot of mRNA concentration over recirculation time for Precipitation 1 and Precipitation 2 after C/T. FIG. 8A shows concentration (mg/ml) of recovered mRNA over recirculation time. FIG. 8B expresses the recovered mRNA percent over recirculation time.

FIG. 9 shows capillary electrophoresis of C/T mRNA purified by depth filtration.

FIG. 10 shows purity of the mRNA by gel electrophoresis of RNAse 1 digested purified product and silver staining the gel to visualize remnant protein contaminants. Lane 1 is positive control, and Lane 2 is negative control. Lane 3 is the C/T mRNA before purification, similarly digested with RNase 1. Lanes 4-5 are purified mRNA products after first and second rounds of filtration respectively of the mRNAs from Precipitation 1 and Precipitation 2. Lanes 6-10 are controls for contaminant proteins expected from the IVT and C/T reactions of the process to make mRNA.

FIG. 11 demonstrates change in filter resistance with respect to the amount of mRNA loaded onto the filter for the IVT reaction, the first precipitation reaction (Precipitation 1) and second precipitation (Precipitation 2) after IVT and C/T reactions to make CFTR mRNA.

FIG. 12 demonstrates that the filtrates from three filtration runs in depth filter ((1) the IVT reaction product, (2) Precipitation 1 following C/T reaction and (3) Precipitation 2 following Precipitation 2) were free of any precipitates. From Left to Right: (1) IVT, (2) C/T 1 Precipitation, and (3) C/T 2 Precipitation.

FIG. 13 shows filtrate conductivity plotted against 80% ethanol flush volume (L/m2) in purification of 15 g scale IVT batch preparation of CFTR mRNA.

FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B each shows the recovery of mRNA against recirculation time at elution step during the purification of 15 g scale IVT batch preparation of CFTR mRNA. FIG. 14A shows concentration (mg/ml) of recovered mRNA over recirculation time. FIG. 14B expresses the recovered mRNA percent over recirculation time.

FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B shows electropherogram obtained by capillary electrophoresis of purified 15 g IVT batch purified CFTR mRNA. FIG. 15A—control CFTR mRNA purified by a prior method without using normal flow depth filtration. FIG. 15B CFTR mRNA purified by normal flow depth filtration.

FIG. 16 shows a silver stain analysis assessing mRNA purity and residual enzymes used in the manufacture of the mRNA, including capping enzyme, polymerase enzyme, and RNase enzyme. No residual enzymes were observed in material purified via normal flow filtration after the first precipitation and second precipitation.

FIG. 17 shows the measure of residual salt, as measured by filtrate conductivity, with successive wash volumes of the 80% v/v ethanol solution from normal flow filtration purification steps for a 15 g batch manufacturing of MUT mRNA.

FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B show the recovery of mRNA (in terms of concentration) in the filtrate as a function of recirculation time from normal flow filtration purification of IVT manufactured mRNA, which is uncapped and untailed (FIG. 18A), and from normal flow filtration purification of following capping and tailing (C/T) the mRNA (FIG. 18B).

FIG. 19 shows mRNA integrity of MUT mRNA assessed by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) analysis following normal flow filtration of the mRNA according to the present invention.

FIG. 20 shows a silver stain gel of purified MUT mRNA with controls and reference enzymes used in the manufacture of the mRNA and removed by the normal flow filtration process described herein.

DEFINITIONS

In order for the present invention to be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined below. Additional definitions for the following terms and other terms are set forth throughout the Specification.

As used in this Specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “or” is understood to be inclusive and covers both “or” and “and”.

The terms “e.g.,” and “i.e.” as used herein, are used merely by way of example, without limitation intended, and should not be construed as referring only those items explicitly enumerated in the specification.

Throughout the specification the word “comprising,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

Unless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, the term “about” is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, for example within 2 standard deviations of the mean. “About” can be understood to be within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, or 0.001% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear from the context, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term “about”.

As used herein, the term “batch” refers to a quantity or amount of mRNA synthesized at one time, e.g., produced according to a single manufacturing order during the same cycle of manufacture. A batch may refer to an amount of mRNA synthesized in one reaction that occurs via a single aliquot of enzyme and/or a single aliquot of DNA template for continuous synthesis under one set of conditions. In some embodiments, a batch would include the mRNA produced from a reaction in which not all reagents and/or components are supplemented and/or replenished as the reaction progresses. The term “batch” would not mean mRNA synthesized at different times that are combined to achieve the desired amount.

As used herein, the term “contaminants” refers to substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the target material or compound. Contaminants are also referred to as impurities. Examples of contaminants or impurities include buffers, proteins (e.g., enzymes), nucleic acids, salts, solvents, and/or wash solutions.

As used herein, the term “dispersant” refers to a solid particulate which reduces the likelihood that an mRNA precipitate will form a hydrogel. Examples of dispersants include and are not limited to one or more of ash, clay, diatomaceous earth, filtering agent, glass beads, plastic beads, polymers, polypropylene beads, polystyrene beads, salts (e.g., cellulose salts), sand, and sugars. In embodiments, a dispersant is polymer microspheres (e.g., poly(styrene-co-divinylbenezene) microspheres).

As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to one or more of the following events: (1) production of an mRNA template from a DNA sequence (e.g., by transcription); (2) processing of an mRNA transcript (e.g., by splicing, editing, 5′ cap formation, and/or 3′ end formation); (3) translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide or protein; and/or (4) post-translational modification of a polypeptide or protein. In this application, the terms “expression” and “production,” and grammatical equivalent, are used inter-changeably.

As used herein, “flux” is flow rate divided by filter area. It allows for comparisons across different scales of filters.

As used herein, “full-length mRNA” is as characterized when using a specific assay, e.g., gel electrophoresis or detection using UV and UV absorption spectroscopy with separation by capillary electrophoresis. The length of an mRNA molecule that encodes a full-length polypeptide and as obtained following any of the purification methods described herein is at least 50% of the length of a full-length mRNA molecule that is transcribed from the target DNA, e.g., at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.01%, 99.05%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9% of the length of a full-length mRNA molecule that is transcribed from the target DNA and prior to purification according to any method described herein.

As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is a biological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/or activity by which it is characterized.

As used herein, the term “hydrogel” refers to a network of hydrophilic polymer chains, e.g., mRNA, which forms a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. Using mRNA as an example, it is more difficult to extract or purify mRNA from a hydrogel than from a dry cake.

As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substance and/or entity that has been (1) separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated when initially produced (whether in nature and/or in an experimental setting), and/or (2) produced, prepared, and/or manufactured by the hand of man.

As used herein, the term “messenger RNA” or “mRNA” refers to a polyribonucleotide that encodes at least one polypeptide. mRNA as used herein encompasses both modified and unmodified mRNA. mRNA may contain one or more coding and non-coding regions. mRNA can be purified from natural sources, produced using recombinant expression systems and optionally purified, in vitro transcribed, or chemically synthesized.

mRNA is typically thought of as the type of RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome. The existence of mRNA is usually very brief and includes processing and translation, followed by degradation. Typically, mRNA includes a nucleotide sequence having a coding region that codes for a polypeptide, a 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) upstream of the coding region, a 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) downstream of the coding region, a cap at the 5′ terminus and a polyA or polyadenylation region downstream of the 3′UTR. Typically, in eukaryotic organisms, mRNA processing comprises transcription of the mRNA from DNA and the addition of a “cap” on the N-terminal (5′) end, and a “tail” on the C-terminal (3′) end. A typical cap is a 7-methylguanosine cap, which is a guanosine that is linked through a 5′-5′-triphosphate bond to the first transcribed nucleotide. The presence of the cap is important in providing resistance to nucleases found in most eukaryotic cells. The tail is typically a polyadenylation event whereby a polyadenylyl moiety is added to the 3′ end of the mRNA molecule. The presence of this “tail” serves to protect the mRNA from exonuclease degradation. Messenger RNA typically is translated by the ribosomes into a series of amino acids that make up a protein.

In some embodiments, an mRNA of the present invention lacks one or both of a cap and/or a tail. Thus, an mRNA may have a cap and lack a tail, an mRNA may have a tail and lack a cap, and an mRNA may lack a cap and lack a tail.

As used herein, the term “mRNA integrity” generally refers to the quality of mRNA. In some embodiments, mRNA integrity refers to the percentage of mRNA that is not degraded after a purification process (e.g., a method described herein). mRNA integrity may be determined using methods particularly described herein, such as TAE Agarose gel electrophoresis or by SDS-PAGE with silver staining, or by methods well known in the art, for example, by RNA agarose gel electrophoresis (e.g., Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology).

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to substances that, within the scope of sound medical judgment, are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is suitable for preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used in the specification and claims includes both one and more than one such excipient.

Typically, a suitable mRNA solution may also contain a buffering agent and/or salt. Generally, buffering agents can include HEPES, ammonium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, potassium phosphate and sodium phosphate.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C_1-4alkyl)₄salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts formed from the quarternization of an amine using an appropriate electrophile, e.g., an alkyl halide, to form a quarternized alkylated amino salt.

As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena. Therefore, a composition substantially free of a compound ‘x’ would be understood to comprise less than 5% of the compound ‘x’, or less than 1%, or less than 0.1% or less than 0.01% of the compound ‘x’. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs and as commonly used in the art to which this application belongs; such art is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In the case of conflict, the present Specification, including definitions, will control.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to methods for preparing scalable quantities of pure and high-quality mRNA base on normal flow filtration. mRNA synthesized in vitro comprises contaminants generated during, or are carried over from, the synthesis process. Methods of the invention involve precipitating in vitro synthesized mRNA and subjecting the mRNA preparation to normal flow filtration such that the precipitated mRNA is retained in or on the filter matrix or system while allowing contaminants from the synthesis process to flow through the filter or filter system as a filtrate, thereby purifying the precipitated mRNA. The captured mRNA is then transformed into a filtrate by dissolving the mRNA precipitate, thereby allowing the mRNA to pass through the filter or the filter system where it can be collected at a purity level that is suitable for clinical or therapeutic applications without further steps to purify the mRNA (e.g., without further HPLC purification, or TFF, ion exchange chromatography, or affinity binding chromatography). Notably, this method provides for a remarkable recovery of mRNA Methods as described herein allows for manufacturing of large quantities of mRNA efficiently, with surprisingly high purity and integrity suitable for therapeutic use.

Messenger RNA

The purification methods described herein are suitable for purification of any mRNA. The present invention may be used to purify mRNAs encoding a variety of proteins (e.g., polypeptides) or peptides.

According to various embodiments, the present invention may be used to purify in vitro synthesized mRNA of a variety of lengths. In some embodiments, the present invention may be used to purify in vitro synthesized mRNA of or greater than about 1 kb, 1.5 kb, 2 kb, 2.5 kb, 3 kb, 3.5 kb, 4 kb, 4.5 kb, 5 kb, 6 kb, 7 kb, 8 kb, 9 kb, 10 kb, 11 kb, 12 kb, 13 kb, 14 kb, 15 kb, or 20 kb in length. In some embodiments, the present invention may be used to purify in vitro synthesized mRNA ranging from about 1-20 kb, about 1-15 kb, about 1-10 kb, about 5-20 kb, about 5-15 kb, about 5-12 kb, about 5-10 kb, about 8-20 kb, or about 8-15 kb in length. For example, typical mRNAs may be about 1 kb to about 5 kb in length. More typically, the mRNA will have a length of about 1 kb to about 3 kb. However, in some embodiments, the mRNA in the composition of the invention is much longer (greater than about 20 kb).

In certain embodiments, mRNA nucleotides are modified to provide “modified mRNA.” A modified mRNA according to the invention can thus include, for example, backbone modifications, sugar modifications or base modifications. In some embodiments, antibody encoding mRNAs (e.g., heavy chain and light chain encoding mRNAs) may be synthesized from naturally occurring nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogues (modified nucleotides) including, but not limited to, purines (adenine (A), guanine (G)) or pyrimidines (thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)), and as modified nucleotides analogues or derivatives of purines and pyrimidines, such as e.g. 1-methyl-adenine, 2-methyl-adenine, 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl-adenine, N6-methyl-adenine, N6-isopentenyl-adenine, 2-thio-cytosine, 3-methyl-cytosine, 4-acetyl-cytosine, 5-methyl-cytosine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyl-guanine, 2-methyl-guanine, 2,2-dimethyl-guanine, 7-methyl-guanine, inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, pseudouracil (5-uracil), dihydro-uracil, 2-thio-uracil, 4-thio-uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)-uracil, 5-fluoro-uracil, 5-bromo-uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-uracil, 5-methyl-2-thio-uracil, 5-methyl-uracil, N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, 5-methylaminomethyl-uracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil, 5′-methoxycarbonylmethyl-uracil, 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 1-methyl-pseudouracil, queosine, .beta.-D-mannosyl-queosine, wybutoxosine, and phosphoramidates, phosphorothioates, peptide nucleotides, methylphosphonates, 7-deazaguanosine, 5-methylcytosine and inosine. The preparation of such analogues is known to a person skilled in the art e.g. from the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,373,071, 4,401,796, 4,415,732, 4,458,066, 4,500,707, 4,668,777, 4,973,679, 5,047,524, 5,132,418, 5,153,319, 5,262,530 and 5,700,642, the disclosure of which is included here in its full scope by reference.

In some embodiments, the present invention may be used to purify in vitro synthesized mRNA that is unmodified.

In some embodiments, mRNA includes a 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region (UTR). In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region includes one or more elements that affect an mRNA's stability or translation, for example, an iron responsive element. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region may be between about 50 and 500 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region includes one or more of a polyadenylation signal, a binding site for proteins that affect an mRNA's stability of location in a cell, or one or more binding sites for miRNAs. In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region may be between 50 and 500 nucleotides in length or longer. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region includes one or more elements that affect an mRNA's stability or translation, for example, an iron responsive element.

Exemplary 3′ and/or 5′ UTR sequences can be derived from mRNA molecules which are stable (e.g., globin, actin, GAPDH, tubulin, histone, and citric acid cycle enzymes) to increase the stability of the sense mRNA molecule. For example, a 5′ UTR sequence may include a partial sequence of a CMV immediate-early 1 (IE1) gene, or a fragment thereof to improve the nuclease resistance and/or improve the half-life of the polynucleotide. Also contemplated is the inclusion of a sequence encoding human growth hormone (hGH), or a fragment thereof to the 3′ end or untranslated region of the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) to further stabilize the polynucleotide. Generally, these features improve the stability and/or pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., half-life) of the polynucleotide relative to the same polynucleotide without such features, and include, for example features made to improve such polynucleotides' resistance to in vivo nuclease digestion.

In some embodiments an mRNA encodes an intracellular protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a cytosolic protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a protein associated with the actin cytoskeleton. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a protein associated with the plasma membrane. In some specific embodiments, an mRNA encodes a transmembrane protein. In some specific embodiments an mRNA encodes an ion channel protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a perinuclear protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a nuclear protein. In some specific embodiments, an mRNA encodes a transcription factor. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a chaperone protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes an intracellular enzyme (e.g., mRNA encoding an enzyme associated with urea cycle or lysosomal storage metabolic disorders). In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a protein involved in cellular metabolism, DNA repair, transcription and/or translation. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes an extracellular protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a protein associated with the extracellular matrix. In some embodiments an mRNA encodes a secreted protein. In specific embodiments, an mRNA used in the composition and methods of the invention may be used to express functional proteins or enzymes that are excreted or secreted by one or more target cells into the surrounding extracellular fluid (e.g., mRNA encoding hormones and/or neurotransmitters). In some embodiments an mRNA encodes an immunogenic protein for vaccine purposes. In some embodiments an mRNA encodes an antibody or a fragment therefore. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a metabolic protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes an enzyme. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a receptor protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes an antigen. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a cancer associated antigen. In some embodiments, an mRNA encodes a vaccine.

As non-limiting examples, an mRNA encodes a protein such as ABC7, ABCB3, ABCB7, ABCC7, ABCD1, AKT; AKT2, AKT3, ATF4, AKT2; AKT3; ALAS2, Alpha galactosidase, Alpha-1 Protease inhibitor, APA, APC; APOA1, APOE, Anti-trypsin alpha 1, Arginosuccinate synthase, ASAT; ATM; ATP7B, ATR; Atrophin-1; ATX3; Atxn10; ATXN2; Atxn7; ATXN1; Bax; Bcl2; Bcl2; BRCA1; BRCA2; Carbamylphosphate Synthase, CASP8, CBP (Creb-BP); CDKN2a; CFTR, CREB1, CVAP, CYP1B1, DBA, DMD, DMPK; EGFR, EIF2B1, EIF2BA, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B5, EIF2B4; ERBB2; ERBB3; ERBB4; Erythropoietin, Factor IX, Factor V; Factor VII, Factor VII; Factor VIII; Factor VIIIa light chain, Factor X; Factor XI (F11); Factor XII deficiency (F12, HAF); Factor XIIIA (F13Al, F13A); Factor XIIIB (F13B); FBN1, FGF Receptor Family members; FHL3; FKRP, FXN/X25; FXR1, G6PC, G6PT, GAA, Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, GLUT2, H1Fla; HBA1; HBB; HBA2, HBB, HBD, Heparan N-sulfatase, HIF; HIF3a; HLH3, HPLH2, HPLH3, Huntingtin, IDH2; IDH1, IGF Receptor; IGF; IGF1R, Igf2 Receptor; Igf2; Igfl Receptor; Igfl; ITGB2, KIAA1596; Kras; LCRB, Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, MRP7, MUNC13-4, N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase, NOS3, NPC1, OTC (Ornithine transcarbamylase), PAH, PKHD1, PKD1, PKD2, PKD4, PKLR, PKU1, PPAR gamma; PPARalpha; PRF1, PSEN2, PSF2, PTEN; RB, Retinoschisin; RING11, SBMA/SMAXl/AR; SEC63, SERPINA1, SERPINA2, SERPINA3, SERPINA5, SERPINA6, SFTPA1, SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD, SLC2A, SLC7A9, SMPD1, SPTB, TAP2, TAPBP, TPSN, UNC13D, VEGF-a, VEGF-b, VEGF-c, VLDLR; and WT1.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes an endogenous protein which may be deficient or non-functional in a subject. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a polypeptide in a therapeutic mRNA vaccine for a subject.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR. The purified CFTR mRNA can be delivered to the lung of a subject in need in a therapeutic composition for treating cystic fibrosis. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell. Such peptides and polypeptides can include those associated with a urea cycle disorder, associated with a lysosomal storage disorder, with a glycogen storage disorder, associated with an amino acid metabolism disorder, associated with a lipid metabolism or fibrotic disorder, associated with methylmalonic acidemia, or associated with any other metabolic disorder for which delivery to or treatment of the liver or a liver cell with purified mRNA provides therapeutic benefit.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a urea cycle disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for arginosuccinate synthetase 1 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for arginosuccinate lyase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for arginase protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a lysosomal storage disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for alpha galactosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for glucocerebrosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for iduronate-2-sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for iduronidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for heparan N-sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for galactosamine-6 sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for beta-galactosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for lysosomal lipase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for transcription factor EB (TFEB).

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a glycogen storage disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for acid alpha-glucosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for liver glycogen phosphorylase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for muscle phosphoglycerate mutase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for glycogen debranching enzyme.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with amino acid metabolism. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for propionyl-CoA caboxylase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for oxalase alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase enzyme.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a lipid metabolism or fibrotic disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a mTOR inhibitor. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for one or more NF-kappa B inhibitors, such as one or more of I-kappa B alpha, interferon-related development regulator 1 (IFRD1), and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for PPAR-gamma protein or an active variant.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with methylmalonic acidemia. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for methylmalonyl CoA mutase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for methylmalonyl CoA epimerase protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA for which delivery to or treatment of the liver can provide therapeutic benefit. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for ATP7B protein, also known as Wilson disease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for porphobilinogen deaminase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for one or clotting enzymes, such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, Factor VII, and Factor X. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for Factor IX. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for human hemochromatosis (HFE) protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the cardiovasculature of a subject or a cardiovascular cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for vascular endothelial growth factor A protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for relaxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for bone morphogenetic protein-9 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for bone morphogenetic protein-2 receptor protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the muscle of a subject or a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for dystrophin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for frataxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the cardiac muscle of a subject or a cardiac muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates one or both of a potassium channel and a sodium channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates a Kv7.1 channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates a Nav1.5 channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the nervous system of a subject or a nervous system cell. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for survival motor neuron 1 protein. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for survival motor neuron 2 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for frataxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1 (ABCD1) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for CLN3 protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the blood or bone marrow of a subject or a blood or bone marrow cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for beta globin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for Bruton's tyrosine kinase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for one or clotting enzymes, such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, Factor VII, and Factor X.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the kidney of a subject or a kidney cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for collagen type IV alpha 5 chain (COL4A5) protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the eye of a subject or an eye cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 4 (ABCA4) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for retinoschisin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa (RPE65) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for centrosomal protein of 290 kDa (CEP290).

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery of or treatment with a vaccine for a subject or a cell of a subject. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from an infectious agent, such as a virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from influenza virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from respiratory syncytial virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from rabies virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from cytomegalovirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from rotavirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a hepatitis virus, such as hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from human papillomavirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a herpes simplex virus, such as herpes simplex virus 1 or herpes simplex virus 2. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human immunodeficiency virus, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or human immunodeficiency virus type 2. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human metapneumovirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human parainfluenza virus, such as human parainfluenza virus type 1, human parainfluenza virus type 2, or human parainfluenza virus type 3. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from malaria virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from Zika virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen from chikungunya virus.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen associated with a cancer of a subject or identified from a cancer cell of a subject. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen determined from a subject's own cancer cell, i.e., to provide a personalized cancer vaccine. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antigen expressed from a mutant KRAS gene.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody can be a bi-specific antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody can be part of a fusion protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antibody to OX40. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antibody to VEGF. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antibody to tissue necrosis factor alpha. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antibody to CD3. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an antibody to CD19.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an immunomodulator. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 12. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 23. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 36 gamma. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a constitutively active variant of one or more stimulator of interferon genes (STING) proteins.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an endonuclease. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease protein, such as Cas 9 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a meganuclease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a transcription activator-like effector nuclease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for a zinc finger nuclease protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for purifying mRNA that encodes for treating an ocular disease. In some embodiments the method is used for purifying mRNA encoding retinoschisin.

mRNA Synthesis

mRNAs may be synthesized according to any of a variety of known methods. For example, mRNAs may be synthesized via in vitro transcription (IVT). While the present invention is particularly useful to purify mRNA synthesized by in vitro transcription reactions. In some embodiments, mRNA from other sources are contemplated as within the scope of the invention including wild-type mRNA produced from bacteria, fungi, plants, and/or animals.

Briefly, IVT is typically performed with a linear or circular DNA template containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates, a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and an appropriate RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase), DNAse I, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNase inhibitor. The exact conditions will vary according to the specific application. The presence of these reagents is undesirable in the final product according to several embodiments and may thus be referred to as impurities or contaminants and a preparation containing one or more of these impurities or contaminants may be referred to as an impure preparation. In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription occurs in a single batch. In some embodiments, IVT reaction includes capping and tailing reactions (C/T). In some embodiments, capping and tailing reactions are performed separately from IVT reaction. In some embodiments, the mRNA is recovered from IVT reaction, followed by a first precipitation and purification of mRNA by methods described in the present application; the recovered purified mRNA is then capped and tailed, and subjected to a second precipitation and purification.

In some embodiments, the present invention may be used to purify a composition or a batch containing at least 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, 900 mg, 1 g, 5 g, 10 g, 25 g, 50 g, 75 g, 100 g, 250 g, 500 g, 750 g, 1 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 1000 kg, or more mRNA. In some embodiments, the mRNA molecules are greater than 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 10,000 or more nucleotides in length; also included in the present invention is mRNA having any length in between.

IVT Reaction

IVT is typically performed with a linear or circular DNA template containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates, a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and an appropriate RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7, or SP6 RNA polymerase), DNAse I, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNase inhibitor. The exact conditions will vary according to the specific application. A suitable DNA template typically has a promoter, for example a T3, T7 or SP6 promoter, for in vitro transcription, followed by desired nucleotide sequence for desired mRNA and a termination signal.

Other IVT methods are available in the art and may be used to practice the present invention.

Capping and Tailing (C/T) Reactions

Typically, in eukaryotic organisms, mRNA processing comprises the addition of a “cap” on the N-terminal (5′) end, and a “tail” on the C-terminal (3′) end. A typical cap is a 7-methylguanosine cap, which is a guanosine that is linked through a 5′-5′-triphosphate bond to the first transcribed nucleotide. The presence of the cap is important in providing resistance to nucleases found in most eukaryotic cells. The tail is typically a polyadenylation event whereby a polyadenylyl moiety is added to the 3′ end of the mRNA molecule. The presence of this “tail” serves to protect the mRNA from exonuclease degradation. Messenger RNA is translated by the ribosomes into a series of amino acids that make up a protein.

In vitro transcribed mRNA is modified enzymatically by the addition of a 5′ N⁷-methylguanylate Cap 0 structure using guanylate transferase and the addition of a methyl group at the 2′ 0 position of the penultimate nucleotide resulting in a Cap 1 structure using 2′ O-methyltransferase as described by Fechter, P.; Brownlee, G. G. “Recognition of mRNA cap structures by viral and cellular proteins” J. Gen. Virology 2005, 86, 1239-1249. Following addition of the Cap 1 structure, a poly-adenylate tail is added to the 3′ end of the in vitro transcribed mRNA enzymatically using poly-A polymerase. Briefly, purified IVT mRNA is mixed with GTP, S-adenosyl methionine, RNase inhibitor, 2′-Omethyl transferase, guanylyl transferase, a reaction buffer comprising Tris-HCl, MgCl₂, and RNase-free H₂O; then incubated at 37° C. Following the incubation, a tailing reaction is initiated by adding tailing buffer comprising Tris-HCl, NaCl, MgCl₂, ATP, poly-A polymerase and RNase-free H₂O. The reaction is quenched by addition of EDTA.

Other capping and/or tailing methods are available in the art and may be used to practice the present invention.

Contaminants in In Vitro Synthesized mRNA

An mRNA product from the synthesis process for example as described above is likely to contain various contaminants (also referred to as impurities) including residual template DNA, aborted products, enzymes, including polymerase, for example SP6, or T7-polymerase, capping enzyme, for example guanylyl transferase, or methyl guanylyl transferase, tailing enzyme such as polyA polymerase, DNase 1, various salts, and prematurely aborted mRNA oligonucleotides, which are byproducts of an mRNA synthesis reaction.

mRNA Purification

A purification process according to the present invention may be carried out during or subsequent to synthesis. For example, mRNA may be purified as described herein before a cap and/or tail are added to the mRNA. In some embodiments, the mRNA is purified after a cap and/or tail are added to the mRNA. In some embodiments, the mRNA is purified after a cap is added. In some embodiments, the mRNA is purified both before and after a cap and/or tail are added to the mRNA. In general, a purification step as described herein may be performed after each step of mRNA synthesis, optionally along with other purification processes, such as dialysis.

Precipitation of mRNA

According to the present invention, mRNA may be precipitated in an impure preparation, such as an in vitro synthesis reaction mixture, using various precipitation methods known in the art. As used herein, the term “precipitation” (or any grammatical equivalent thereof) refers to the formation of an insoluble substance (e.g., solid) in a solution. When used in connection with mRNA, the term “precipitation” refers to the formation of insoluble or solid form of mRNA in a liquid.

Any and all methods suitable for precipitating mRNA may be used to practice the present invention. Typically, mRNA precipitation involves a denaturing condition. As used herein, the term “denaturing condition” refers to any chemical or physical condition that can cause disruption of native confirmation of mRNA. Since the native conformation of a molecule is usually the most water soluble, disrupting the secondary and tertiary structures of a molecule may cause changes in solubility and may result in precipitation of mRNA from solution.

For example, a suitable method of precipitating mRNA from an impure preparation involves treating the impure preparation with a denaturing reagent such that the mRNA precipitates. Exemplary denaturing reagents suitable for the invention include, but are not limited to, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, guanidinium chloride, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium isothiocyanate, ammonium acetate and combinations thereof. Suitable reagent may be provided in a solid form or in a solution.

As a non-limiting example, guanidinium thiocyanate (GSCN) may be used to precipitate mRNA. Typically, guanidinium thiocyanate may be provided in a solution at a concentration of about 1M or greater, of about 2M or greater, of about 3M or greater, of about 4M or greater, of about 5M or greater, of about 6M or greater, of about 7M or greater, of about 8M or greater, of about 9M or greater, or of about 10M or greater. In some embodiments, a solution suitable for mRNA precipitation contains guanidinium thiocyanate at a concentration of about 4M, or about 5M, or about 6M.

In addition to denaturing reagent, a suitable solution for mRNA precipitation may include additional salt, surfactant and/or buffering agent. For example, a suitable solution may further include sodium lauryl sarcosyl and/or sodium citrate. As non-limiting examples, a solution suitable for mRNA precipitation may contain 4M guanidinium thiocyanate. In certain embodiments, a solution suitable for mRNA precipitation may contain about 5M guanidinium thiocyanate.

Typically, it is desirable to incubate the impure preparation with one or more denaturing reagents described herein for a period of time at a desired temperature that permits precipitation of substantial amount of mRNA. For example, the mixture of an impure preparation and a denaturing agent may be incubated at room temperature or ambient temperature for a period of time. Typically, a suitable incubation time is a period of or greater than about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or 60 minutes. In some embodiments, a suitable incubation time is a period of or less than about 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the mixture is incubated for about 5 minutes at room temperature. Typically, “room temperature” or “ambient temperature” refers to a temperature with the range of about 20-25° C., for example, about 20° C., 21° C., 22° C., 23° C., 24° C., or 25° C. In some embodiments, the mixture of an impure preparation and a denaturing agent may also be incubated above room temperature (e.g., about 30-37° C. or in particular, at about 30° C., 31° C., 32° C., 33° C., 34° C., 35° C., 36° C., or 37° C.) or below room temperature (e.g., about 15-20° C., or in particular, at about 15° C., 16° C., 17° C., 18° C., 19° C., or 20° C.). The incubation period may be adjusted based on the incubation temperature. Typically, a higher incubation temperature requires shorter incubation time.

Alternatively or additionally, a solvent may be used to facilitate mRNA precipitation. Suitable exemplary solvent includes, but is not limited to, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethanol, methanol, denatonium, and combinations thereof. For example, a solvent (e.g., absolute ethanol) may be added to an impure preparation together with a denaturing reagent or after the addition of a denaturing reagent and the incubation as described herein, to further enhance and/or expedite mRNA precipitation.

In some embodiments, precipitating the mRNA can include use of an organic solvent such as ethanol to precipitate the mRNA.

However, precipitating the mRNA can be achieved without the use organic solvent. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using PEG to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using PEG-6000 to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using PEG-400 to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using triethylene glycol (TEG) to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (MTEG) to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using tert-butyl-TEG-O-propionate to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using TEG-dimethacrylate to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using TEG-dimethyl ether to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using TEG-divinyl ether to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using TEG-monobutyl ether to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using TEG-methyl ether methacrylate to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using TEG-monodecyl ether to precipitate the mRNA. In some embodiments, precipitating mRNA can be achieved using TEG-dibenzoate to precipitate the mRNA. Any one of these PEG or TEG based reagents can be used in combination with guanidinium thiocyanate to precipitate the mRNA. The structures of each of these reagents is shown below in Table A.

TABLE A

Non-Organic Solvent Reagents for Purification of mRNA (Precipitation and/or Washing of mRNA)

Reageant Name
Structure

TEG

[Image Omitted]

TEG-monomethyl ether

[Image Omitted]

tert-butyl-TEG-O-propionate

[Image Omitted]

TEG-dimethacrylate

[Image Omitted]

TEG-dimethyl ether

[Image Omitted]

TEG-divinyl ether

[Image Omitted]

TEG-monobutyl ether

[Image Omitted]

TEG-methyl ether methacrylate

[Image Omitted]

TEG-monodecyl ether

[Image Omitted]

TEG-dibenzoate

[Image Omitted]

Typically, after the addition of a suitable solvent (e.g., absolute ethanol), the mixture may be incubated at room temperature for another period of time. Typically, a suitable period of incubation time is or greater than about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or 60 minutes. In some embodiments, a suitable period of incubation is a period of or less than about 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or 5 minutes. Typically, the mixture is incubated at room temperature for another about 5 minutes. Temperature above or below room may be used with proper adjustment of incubation time. Alternatively, incubation could occur at 4° C. or −20° C. for precipitation.

Typically, methods described herein result in precipitation of a substantial amount of mRNA from an impure preparation. In some embodiments, methods described herein result in precipitation of at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of total mRNA from an impure preparation. In some embodiments, methods described herein result in precipitation of substantially 100% of total mRNA from an impure preparation.

Typically, as a result of precipitation, a suspension containing precipitated mRNA and various contaminants described herein is formed and subjected to normal flow filtration.

Normal Flow Filtration

Normal Flow Filtration is a filtration process in which the entirety of the material or product to be purified flows in a direction normal (i.e., perpendicular) to the surface of the filter. Materials that are too large to pass through the filter are retained whereas smaller materials pass through to the filtrate.

Typically, a normal flow filtration process described herein includes the steps of loading, washing and recovering the mRNA. The loading step involves loading the feed (e.g., an impure preparation containing precipitated mRNA) onto a filter system. The feed may be loaded under various conditions, including but not limited to, constant flow, constant pressure, variable flow, variable pressure, flow by wicking and/or gravity control.

Normal flow filtration may be performed with or without a dispersant added to the load (e.g., suspension). In some embodiments, a suspension comprising precipitated mRNA is subject to normal flow filtration without a dispersant.

Various normal flow filtration process systems and methods known in the art may be used or adapted to practice the present invention. Various filters may be used in a normal flow filtration system, including but not limited to various membrane filters, depth filters, where a filter comprising one or more three-dimensional matrices. One or multiple filters with various molecule weight cut off (MWCO), pore sizes, surface areas or format may be used. In some embodiments, multiple filters may be stacked. In some embodiments, one or more filter screens are used. Filters are selected to facilitate capturing or retaining the precipitated mRNA and allowing contaminants to pass through. Typically, suitable MWCO or pore sizes are chosen to be smaller than the precipitated mRNA and larger than soluble mRNA or other contaminants. Suitable surface areas are chosen to facilitate capturing sufficiently large amount of precipitated mRNA and allowing distribution of captured mRNA without clogging or forming a gel layer. Exemplary filters are described in more details below.

Filters

Suitable filters for the present invention comprise a variety of formats, for example, pleated filter, wrapped filter, or capsule filter. In some embodiments, a suitable filter is a depth filter. In some embodiments, a suitable filter is a membrane filter. In some embodiments, a suitable filter comprises a filter screen. Particles of interest (i.e., precipitated mRNA) in a suspension are retained on or in filters, whereas the suspension with solubilized contaminants or contaminant particles having smaller sizes flow through the filter, which is typically referred to as filtrate.

Typically, a filter with suitable pore size is selected, such that the molecular weight cut off (MWCO) value of the membrane is typically less than the minimum molecular weight of precipitated mRNA, but greater than the molecular weight of dissolved contaminants. In some embodiments, a membrane with pore size two to six (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) times below the MWCO of the precipitated mRNA is used. For mRNA purification, a membrane filter typically has a MWCO ranging between 1 Kilo Dalton (kDa) and 10,000 Kilo Daltons (kDa) (e.g., 10 kDa-9,000 kDa, 50 kDa-8,000 kDa, 100 kDa-9,000 kDa, 100 kDa-8,000 kDa, 100 kDa-7,000 kDa, 100 kDa-6,000 kDa, 100 kDa-5,000 kDa, 100 kDa-4,000 kDa, 100 kDa-3,000 kDa, 100 kDa-2,000 kDa, or 100 kDa-1,000 kDa). Exemplary suitable membrane filters may have a MWCO value of or greater than 1 kDa, 2 kDa, 3 kDa, 4 kDa, 5 kDa, 6 kDa, 7 kDa, 8 kDa, 9 kDa, 10 kDa, 12 kDa, 15 kDa, 20 kDa, 25 kDa, 30 kDa, 40 kDa, 50 kDa, 60 kDa, 70 kDa, 80 kDa, 90 kDa or 100 kDa. In some embodiments, suitable membrane filters may have a MWCO value of or greater than 110 kDa, 120 kDa, 130 kDa, 140 kDa, 150 kDa, 160 kDa, 170 kDa, 180 kDa, 190 kDa, 200 kDa, 210 kDa, 220 kDa, 230 kDa, 240 kDa, 250 kDa, 260 kDa, 270 kDa, 280 kDa, 290 kDa, 300 kDa, 350 kDa, 400 kDa, 450 kDa, 500 kDa, or 1000 kDa. In some embodiments, suitable membrane filters for the present invention may have a MWCO value of or less than about 100 kDa, 300 kDa, 500 kDa, 1,000 kDa, 1,500 kDa, 2,000 kDa, 2,500 kDa, 3,000 kDa, 3,500 kDa, 4,000 kDa, 4,500 kDa, 5,000 kDa, 5,500 kDa, 6,000 kDa, 6,500 kDa, 7,000 kDa, 7,500 kDa, 8,000 kDa, 8,500 kDa, 9,000 kDa, 9,500 kDa, or 10,000 kDa.

In some embodiments, pore sizes of filters are also measured in average pore diameter. For example, suitable filters may have an average pore size ranging between 0.001 and 500 μm, between 0.01 μm and 400 μm, between 0.01 μm and 300 μm, between 0.01 μm and 200 μm, between 0.01 μm and 100 μm, between 0.05 μm and 500 μm, between 0.05 μm and 400 μm, between 0.05 μm and 300 μm, between 0.05 μm and 200 μm, or between 0.05 μm and 100 μm. In some embodiments, a suitable filter has an average pore size of 0.001 μm or greater, 0.01 μm or greater, 0.05 μm or greater, 0.01 μm or greater, 0.1 μm or greater, 0.2 μm or greater, 0.3 μm or greater, 0.4 μm or greater, 0.5 μm or greater, 1 μm or greater, 5 μm or greater, 10 μm or greater, 15 μm or greater, 20 μm or greater, 25 μm or greater, 30 μm or greater, 35 μm or greater, 40 μm or greater, 45 μm or greater, or 50 μm or greater. In some embodiments, the filter has an average pore size of 0.5 μm or greater. In some embodiments, the filter has an average pore size of 5 μm or greater. In some embodiments, the filter has an average pore size of 10 μm or greater. In some embodiments, the filter has an average pore size of 20 μm or greater. In some embodiments, the filter has an average pore size of 25 μm or greater. In some embodiments, a suitable membrane has an average pore size of or greater than about 0.10 μm, 0.20 μm, 0.22 μm, 0.24 μm, 0.26 μm, 0.28 μm, 0.30 μm, 0.40 μm, 0.5 μm, 0.6 μm, 0.7 μm, 0.8 μm, 0.9 μm, or 1.0 μm.

A suitable filter for the present invention may be made of any material. Exemplary materials include, but are not limited to, polyethersulfone (PES) (not modified), polyethersulfone (mPES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, MCE (mixed cellulose esters), ultra-high MW polyethylene (UPE), polyfluorotetraethylene (PTFE), nylon, polysulfone, polyacrilonitrile, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, diatomaceous earth, glass filter and combination thereof.

A suitable filter for the present invention may have various surface area. Typically, a suitable filter has a sufficiently large surface area to facilitate large scale production of mRNA. In particular, a suitable filter has a surface area that allows capturing large amount of precipitated mRNA without clogging or forming a gel layer. For example, a suitable filter may have a surface area of or greater than about 1,000 cm², 1,500 cm², 2,000 cm², 2,500 cm², 3,000 cm², 3,500 cm², 3,500 cm², 4,000 cm², 5,000 cm², 7,500 cm², 10,000 cm², 1 m², 5 m², 10 m², 50 m², 100 m², 150 m², 200 m², 300 m², 400 m², 500 m², 600 m², 700 m², 800 m², 900 m², 1000 m². In some embodiments, a suitable filter may have a surface area of or greater than 264 m². In some embodiments, a suitable filter may have a surface area of or greater than 528 m². In some embodiments, a suitable filter may have a surface area of or greater than 1056 m². In some embodiments, a suitable filter may have a surface area of or greater than 2112 m². A single layer or multiple filtration layers may be used. Examples include diatomaceous earth matrices, cellulose matrices, or polypropylene felt matrices. In some embodiments, a suitable filter system includes depth filters that may be comprised of multiple layers of a single matrix type or multiple layers of different matrices. A suspension comprising precipitated mRNA flows through the depth filter by normal flow where precipitated mRNA is retained in the one or more filters having the suitable pore size. An exemplary array of depth array filters may include 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, 9 or more, or 10 or more filter layers. In some embodiments, each layer has a pore size (e.g., measured by MWCO or average diameter) decreased by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% than that of the one preceding in the direction of the flow. As a non-limiting example, a suitable depth filters have the following pore sizes in order: 200 μm, 100 μm, 50 μm and 5 μm; or 500 μm, 300 μm, 200 μm, 100 μm, and 20 μm; or 100 μm, 50 μm, 20 μm, or 5 μm. An exemplary depth filter design is illustrated in FIG. 1.

Depth filters are commercially manufactured by several manufacturers, for example: Millipore Sigma (Clarisolve 60HX filters, Millistak filters), Pall Corporation, Sartorius Biotech, and others. The filters are prepared from inert materials, for example, felted polypropylene, or diatomaceous earth. The filter housings and adapter fittings comprise glass filled polypropylene. In some embodiments, the inert material is modified polyether sulfone (mPES). Other examples of inert material for filter include polyether sulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and cellulose. The filters may have varying thicknesses. The thickness of a filter may be 1 cm or greater. Depth filters offer easy scalability, for example, filters can be added to increase area of filtration. Exemplary filters with surface area and corresponding predicted mRNA purification capacities are as follows: 23 cm²filters may have a capacity of purifying about 290 mg mRNA; a 135 cm²filter may have a capacity of purifying about 1.7 gm mRNA; a 270 cm²filter have a capacity of purifying about 3.4 gm mRNA; 0.11-1.65 m²filters may have a capacity of purifying about 14 gm-200 gm mRNA; 11.5 m²filters may have a capacity of purifying about 1.4 Kg mRNA. In some embodiments, the filter comprises a total surface area of up to about 264 square meters or more, or up to about 528 square meters or more or up to about 1056 square meters or more.

Loading

Typically, the loading step involves loading a feed, such as a suspension containing precipitated mRNA, onto a filter system described herein. The feed may be loaded under various conditions, including but not limited to, constant flow, constant pressure, variable flow, variable pressure, and flow by wicking and/or gravity control. In some embodiments, a suspension containing precipitated mRNA from IVT reactions are loaded onto one or more filters with a suitable flow rate. Exemplary suitable concentration of a suspension containing precipitated mRNA may range from about 0.01 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, or from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml, or from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml, or from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, or from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml, or from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml, or from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, or from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, or from about 1 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml. In some embodiments, suitable flow rate may be at least about 1 mg/ml, or 1.2 mg/ml, or 1.3 mg/ml, or 1.4 mg/ml, or 1.5 g/ml, or 1.6 mg/ml, or 1.7 mg/ml, or 1.8 mg/ml or 1.9 mg/ml or 2 mg/ml, and any concentration in between. In some embodiments, the flow rate of the suspension, normalized to the membrane area may range from 10 to 10000 Liters/m²/hr (LMH). Exemplary suitable flow rates are 10 LMH, 50 LMH, 100 LMH, 200 LMH, 300 LMH, 400 LMH, 500 LMH, 600 LMH, 700 LMH, 800 LMH, 900 LMH, 1,000 LMH, 1,100 LMH, 1,200 LMH, 1,300 LMH, 1,400 LMH, 1,500 LMH, 1,600 LMH, 1,700 LMH, 1,800 LMH, 1,900 LMH, 2,000 LMH, 2,100 LMH, 2,200 LMH, 2,300 LMH, 2,400 LMH, 2,500 LMH, 2,600 LMH, 2,700 LMH, 2,800 LMH, 2,900 LMH, 3,000 LMH, 3,100 LMH, 3,200 LMH, 3,300 LMH, 3,400 LMH, 3,500 LMH, 3,600 LMH, 3,700 LMH, 3,800 LMH, 3,900 LMH, 4,000 LMH, 4,100 LMH, 4,200 LMH, 4,300 LMH, 4,400 LMH, 4,500 LMH, 4,600 LMH, 4,700 LMH, 4,800 LMH, 4,700 LMH, 4,800 LMH, 4,900 LMH, or 5,000 LMH. In some embodiments, the suitable flow rate includes 5,500 LMH, 6,000 LMH, 6,500 LMH, 7,000 LMH, 7,500 LMH, 8,000 LMH, 8,500 LMH, 9,000 LMH, 9,500 LMH, or 10,000 LMH.

In general, the flow rate may vary during loading. In some embodiments, the pressure is adjusted to maintain the flow rate with increase in loads. Exemplary loads flow times and rates are provided in the working examples provided in the specification.

Washing and Recovery of mRNA

The captured or retained insoluble precipitated mRNA may be washed before eluting to get rid of impurities retained on the filter(s). In some embodiments, a wash step comprises single rinse or multiple rinse cycles using one or more wash solutions. For example, a wash step may be carried out by multiple rinse cycles using a guanidinium buffer (GSCN) and ethanol, followed by 70-80% ethanol (e.g., about 70%, 75%, or 80% ethanol). In certain embodiments, multiple rinse cycles include more than 2, more than 3, more than 4, more than 5, more than 6, more than 7, more than 8, more than 9, or more than 10 cycles.

Various washing buffer may be used. For example, the captured mRNA may be subject to one or more salt washes and/or one or more ethanol washes. The washes may be performed using an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent. Exemplary washing buffers are further described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,957,499 and 9,850,269, and in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 15/907,086 and 15/906,864. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved with one or more salt washes. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved with an organic solvent. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved with an ethanol wash.

Washing the precipitated mRNA can include use of an organic solvent such as ethanol. However, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved without the use organic solvent. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using PEG. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using PEG-6000. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using PEG-400. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA includes one or more washes comprising PEG having a viscosity of 90 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 80 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 70 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 60 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 50 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 40 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 30 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 20 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, the PEG used to wash the precipitated mRNA has a viscosity of 10 centistrokes or less. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using triethylene glycol (TEG). In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (MTEG). In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using tert-butyl-TEG-O-propionate. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using TEG-dimethacrylate. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using TEG-dimethyl ether. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using TEG-divinyl ether. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using TEG-monobutyl. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using TEG-methyl ether methacrylate. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using TEG-monodecyl ether. In some embodiments, washing the precipitated mRNA can be achieved using TEG-dibenzoate. The structures of each of these reagents are shown above in Table A.

Typically, captured or retained mRNA may be eluted by re-solubilizing the precipitated mRNA into a solution. For example, captured mRNA may be eluted with RNase-free water. In certain embodiments, eluting the captured mRNA involves recirculating the RNase-free water. For example, the RNase-free water may be circulated for about 5-100 minutes (e.g., about 5-90 minutes, about 5-80 minutes, about 5-70 minutes, about 5-60 minutes or about 5-30 minutes). In particular embodiments, the RNase-free water is re-circulated for about 5-10 minutes (e.g., for about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 minutes).

In some embodiments, re-solubilized mRNA may be dialyzed into a desired formulation at a desired concentration. Various formulations may be used for dialysis. In some embodiments, the purified mRNA solution is dialyzed with 1 mM sodium citrate. In some embodiments, the purified mRNA solution is dialyzed with sodium acetate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, pyridinium acetate, pyridinium formate, ammonium acetate, urea, potassium chloride, etc. Depending on the size of mRNA of interest, dialysis membranes with appropriate molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) may be used. For example, suitable dialysis membranes may have a MWCO of about 50 kDa, 60 kDa, 70 kDa, 80 kDa, 90 kDa, 100 kDa, 150 kDa, 200 kDa, 250 kDa, 300 kDa, 350 kDa, 400 kDa, 450 kDa, or 500 kDa.

Characterization of Purified mRNA

Purified mRNA may be characterized and quantified using any methods available in the art. In some embodiments, purified mRNA molecules are characterized using blotting, capillary electrophoresis, chromatography, fluorescence, gel electrophoresis, HPLC, silver stain, spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV), or UPLC, or a combination thereof. Other methods known in the art are included in the present invention. In some embodiments, purified mRNA molecules are detected using UV absorption spectroscopy with separation by capillary electrophoresis. In some embodiments, mRNA is first denatured by a Glyoxal dye before gel electrophoresis (“Glyoxal gel electrophoresis”).

In some embodiments, mRNA purified by methods disclosed herein comprises less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1% impurities other than full-length mRNA determined by various detection methods described herein and known in the art (e.g., capillary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, HPLC, or UPLC). The impurities include IVT contaminants, e.g., proteins, enzymes, free nucleotides and/or shortmers. As used herein, the term “shortmers” or “abortive transcripts” refers to any transcripts that are less than full-length. In some embodiments, “shortmers” or “abortive transcripts” are less than 100 nucleotides in length, less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than 60, less than 50, less than 40, less than 30, less than 20, or less than 10 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, shortmers are detected or quantified after adding a 5′-cap, and/or a 3′-poly A tail.

Among other things, the purification methods described herein may be used to manufacture mRNA for therapeutic use. The purity and/or integrity of purified mRNA determined by various characterization techniques described herein may be used as batch release criteria. In some embodiments, the release criteria of a batch production of mRNA in a manufacturing process includes capillary electrophoretic determination of one or more of the following: the purified mRNA comprises 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less, or substantially free of protein contaminants; the purified mRNA comprises 5%, or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less, or substantially free of short abortive RNA contaminants; the purified mRNA comprises 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less, or substantially free of salt contaminants; the purified mRNA comprises 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater or 99% or greater integrity.

In some embodiments, the release criteria of a batch production of mRNA in a manufacturing process includes HPLC determination of one or more of the following: the purified mRNA comprises 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less, or substantially free of protein contaminants; the purified mRNA comprises 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less, or substantially free of short abortive RNA contaminants; the purified mRNA comprises 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less, or substantially free of salt contaminants; the purified mRNA comprises 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 97% or greater, 98% or greater or 99% or greater integrity.

Additionally, mRNA purified according to the present invention results in a high yield. For example, the total purified mRNA is recovered in an amount that results in a yield of at least about 70%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.

According to the present invention, mRNA may be purified in a large scale. For example, at least 0.5 grams, 1 gram, 5 grams, 10 grams, 15 grams, 20 grams, 35 grams, 40 grams, 45 grams, 50 grams, 60 grams, 70 grams, 80 grams, 90 grams, 100 grams, 200 grams, 300 grams, 400 grams, 500 grams, 1 kilogram, 10 kilograms, 50 kilograms, 100 kilograms of mRNA may be purified in a single batch.

Compositions and Methods of Treatment

mRNA purified according to the present invention may be delivered as naked mRNA (unpackaged) or via delivery vehicles. As used herein, the terms “delivery vehicle,” “transfer vehicle,” “nanoparticle” or grammatical equivalent, are used interchangeably.

Delivery vehicles can be formulated in combination with one or more additional nucleic acids, carriers, targeting ligands or stabilizing reagents, or in pharmacological compositions where it is mixed with suitable excipients. Techniques for formulation and administration of drugs may be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition. A particular delivery vehicle is selected based upon its ability to facilitate the transfection of a nucleic acid to a target cell.

According to various embodiments, suitable delivery vehicles include, but are not limited to polymer based carriers, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and liposomes, nanoliposomes, ceramide-containing nanoliposomes, proteoliposomes, both natural and synthetically-derived exosomes, natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic lamellar bodies, nanoparticulates, calcium phosphor-silicate nanoparticulates, calcium phosphate nanoparticulates, silicon dioxide nanoparticulates, nanocrystalline particulates, semiconductor nanoparticulates, poly(D-arginine), sol-gels, nanodendrimers, starch-based delivery systems, micelles, emulsions, niosomes, multi-domain-block polymers (vinyl polymers, polypropyl acrylic acid polymers, dynamic polyconjugates), dry powder formulations, plasmids, viruses, calcium phosphate nucleotides, aptamers, peptides and other vectorial tags.

Liposomal Delivery Vehicles

In some embodiments, a suitable delivery vehicle is a liposomal delivery vehicle, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) or liposome. In some embodiments, liposomes may comprise one or more cationic lipids. In some embodiments, a liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, one or more cholesterol-based lipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids. In some embodiments, a liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, and one or more PEG-modified lipids. In some embodiments, a liposome comprises no more than four distinct lipid components. In some embodiments, a liposome comprises no more than three distinct lipid components. In some embodiments, one distinct lipid component is a sterol-based cationic lipid.

As used herein, the term “cationic lipids” refers to any of a number of lipid and lipidoid species that have a net positive charge at a selected pH, such as at physiological pH. Several cationic lipids have been described in the literature, many of which are commercially available.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes an endogenous protein which may be deficient or non-functional in a subject. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes an endogenous protein which may be deficient or non-functional in a subject.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the lung of a subject or a lung cell. In certain embodiments the present invention is useful in a method for manufacturing mRNA encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR. The CFTR mRNA is delivered to the lung of a subject in need in a therapeutic composition for treating cystic fibrosis. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the liver of a subject or a liver cell. Such peptides and polypeptides can include those associated with a urea cycle disorder, associated with a lysosomal storage disorder, with a glycogen storage disorder, associated with an amino acid metabolism disorder, associated with a lipid metabolism or fibrotic disorder, associated with methylmalonic acidemia, or associated with any other metabolic disorder for which delivery to or treatment of the liver or a liver cell with enriched full-length mRNA provides therapeutic benefit.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a urea cycle disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for arginosuccinate synthetase 1 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for arginosuccinate lyase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for arginase protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a lysosomal storage disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for alpha galactosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for glucocerebrosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for iduronate-2-sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for iduronidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for heparan N-sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for galactosamine-6 sulfatase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for beta-galactosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for lysosomal lipase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine-4l-sulfatase) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for transcription factor EB (TFEB).

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a glycogen storage disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for acid alpha-glucosidase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for liver glycogen phosphorylase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for muscle phosphoglycerate mutase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for glycogen debranching enzyme.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with amino acid metabolism. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for propionyl-CoA caboxylase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for oxalase alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase enzyme.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with a lipid metabolism or fibrotic disorder. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an mTOR inhibitor. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for one or more NF-kappa B inhibitors, such as one or more of I-kappa B alpha, interferon-related development regulator 1 (IFRD1), and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for PPAR-gamma protein or an active variant.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein associated with methylmalonic acidemia. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for methylmalonyl CoA mutase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for methylmalonyl CoA epimerase protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA for which delivery to or treatment of the liver can provide therapeutic benefit. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for ATP7B protein, also known as Wilson disease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for porphobilinogen deaminase enzyme. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for one or clotting enzymes, such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, Factor VII, and Factor X. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for human hemochromatosis (HFE) protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the cardiovasculature of a subject or a cardiovascular cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for vascular endothelial growth factor A protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for relaxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for bone morphogenetic protein-9 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for bone morphogenetic protein-2 receptor protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the muscle of a subject or a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for dystrophin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for frataxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the cardiac muscle of a subject or a cardiac muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates one or both of a potassium channel and a sodium channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates a Kv7.1 channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a protein that modulates a Nav1.5 channel in muscle tissue or in a muscle cell.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the nervous system of a subject or a nervous system cell. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for survival motor neuron 1 protein. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for survival motor neuron 2 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for frataxin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1 (ABCD1) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for CLN3 protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the blood or bone marrow of a subject or a blood or bone marrow cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for beta globin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for Bruton's tyrosine kinase protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for one or clotting enzymes, such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, Factor VII, and Factor X.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the kidney of a subject or a kidney cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for collagen type IV alpha 5 chain (COL4A5) protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery to or treatment of the eye of a subject or an eye cell. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 4 (ABCA4) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for retinoschisin protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa (RPE65) protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for centrosomal protein of 290 kDa (CEP290).

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes a peptide or polypeptide for use in the delivery of or treatment with a vaccine for a subject or a cell of a subject. For example, in certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from an infectious agent, such as a virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from influenza virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from respiratory syncytial virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from rabies virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from cytomegalovirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from rotavirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a hepatitis virus, such as hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from human papillomavirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a herpes simplex virus, such as herpes simplex virus 1 or herpes simplex virus 2. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human immunodeficiency virus, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or human immunodeficiency virus type 2. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human metapneumovirus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from a human parainfluenza virus, such as human parainfluenza virus type 1, human parainfluenza virus type 2, or human parainfluenza virus type 3. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from malaria virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from Zika virus. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen from chikungunya virus.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen associated with a cancer of a subject or identified from a cancer cell of a subject. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen determined from a subject's own cancer cell, i.e., to provide a personalized cancer vaccine. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antigen expressed from a mutant KRAS gene.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody can be a bi-specific antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody can be part of a fusion protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antibody to OX40. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antibody to VEGF. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antibody to tissue necrosis factor alpha. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antibody to CD3. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an antibody to CD19.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an immunomodulator. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 12. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 23. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for Interleukin 36 gamma. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a constitutively active variant of one or more stimulator of interferon genes (STING) proteins.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an endonuclease. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease protein, such as Cas 9 protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a meganuclease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a transcription activator-like effector nuclease protein. In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for a zinc finger nuclease protein.

In certain embodiments the present invention provides a method for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA that encodes for treating an ocular disease. In some embodiments the method is used for producing a therapeutic composition comprising purified mRNA encoding retinoschisin.

Another aspect of the present invention is a purified mRNA composition prepared by an above-described aspect or embodiment.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is pharmaceutical composition including the purified mRNA composition of the above aspect and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.

An aspect of the present invention is a method for treating a disease or disorder including a step of administering to a subject in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of the above aspect.

Another aspect of the present invention is a solution including purified mRNA prepared by an above-described aspect or embodiment.

In some embodiments the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition including the solution including purified mRNA of the above description and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.

An aspect of the present invention is a method for treating a disease or disorder including a step of administering to a subject in need thereof the pharmaceutical composition of the above aspect.

The present invention further includes a composition including a purified mRNA precipitate produced by an above aspect and/or embodiment.

The present invention further includes a pharmaceutical composition including a purified mRNA precipitate produced by an above aspect and/or embodiment and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.

The present invention further includes a method for treating a disease or disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition of the above aspect and/or embodiment.

Any aspect or embodiment described herein can be combined with any other aspect or embodiment as disclosed herein. While the disclosure has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the above description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

Additional teaching relevant to the present invention are described in one or more of the following: WO 2010/053572; WO 2011/068810; WO 2012/075040; WO 2012/170889; WO 2012/170930; WO 2013/063468; WO 2013/149140; WO 2013/149141; WO 2013/185067; WO 2013/185069; WO 2014/089486; WO 2014/152513; WO 2014/152659; WO 2014/152673; WO 2014/152774; WO 2014/152966; WO 2014/153052; WO 2015/061461; WO 2015/061467; WO 2015/061491; WO 2015/061500; WO 2015/148247; WO 2015/164773; WO 2015/184256; WO 2015/200465; WO 2016/004318; WO 2016/149508; WO/2014/152940; PCT/US16/57044; U.S. 62/320,073; U.S. 62/349,331; U.S. 62/420,413; U.S. 62/420,421; U.S. 62/420,428; U.S. 62/420,435; U.S. 62/421,007; U.S. 62/421,021, and the related applications filed Feb. 27, 2017 by Applicant entitled “LARGE SCALE SYNTHESIS OF MESSENGER RNA” (U.S. 62/464,043), “METHODS FOR PURIFICATION OF MESSENGER RNA” (U.S. 62/463,998), and “NOVEL CODON-OPTIMIZED CFTR MRNA” (U.S. 62/464,215), each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The references cited herein are not admitted to be prior art to the claimed invention. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLES
Example 1: Normal Flow Filtration Purification of mRNA

In this experiment, the feasibility of normal flow filtration using depth filtration (Clarisolve 60HX) for purification of messenger RNA (mRNA) was evaluated. The method steps included (1) precipitating of mRNA, (2) capturing by a filter the precipitated mRNA within and/or on the filter, (3) washing the captured precipitated mRNA, (4) dissolving the precipitated mRNA to transform it into a filter permeate, and (5) recovery of the dissolved. In particular, in this experiment, precipitation conditions and wash buffers were varied and yield and purity of the mRNA were evaluated. Feasibility of this normal flow filtration was assessed at various points in the purification: (i) retention of precipitated mRNA within the depth filter as indicated by visual inspection of filtrate; (ii) effectiveness of the precipitated mRNA wash as indicated by filtrate conductivity; (iii) recovery of mRNA from the purification as indicated by spectrophotometry.

IVT Reaction

For this and all examples described herein, in general, mRNA was in vitro transcribed (IVT) by standard methods. Briefly, for each gram of mRNA transcribed, a reaction containing linearized double stranded DNA plasmid with an RNA polymerase-specific promoter, RNA polymerase (e.g., SP6 polymerase or T7 polymerase), RNase inhibitor, pyrophosphatase, NTPs, DTT and a reaction buffer was prepared with RNase-free water then incubated at 37° C. for a specified time. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of DNase I and a DNase I buffer to facilitate digestion of the double-stranded DNA template in preparation for purification.

RNA Precipitation and Filtration

Materials: Feed mRNA: In vitro synthesized mRNA encoding CFTR; GSCN Buffer: A mixture of Guanidine Thiocyanate, Sodium Citrate, N-Lauryl Sarcosine; Depth Filter: Clarisolve 60HX, Cat No: CS60HX01L3, having effective area 23 cm². GSCN Wash Buffer: GSCN Buffer, Ethanol, water.

A. Precipitation

In vitro synthesized mRNA encoding CFTR (Feed mRNA) was precipitated by first mixing the mRNA with Guanidinium thio-cyanide (GSCN) buffer and mixed to denature the mRNA. 100% Ethanol (EtOH) was added to the mixture and mixed to precipitate the mRNA.

B. Filtration

The precipitated mixture was loaded onto the depth filter at constant feed flux. The initial feed flux was selected to achieve a process time of 3-4 hours. The flux was adjusted during the experiment. After completion of the loading, the captured, precipitated mRNA was rinsed (washed) with GSCN/Ethanol Wash Buffer followed by 80% ethanol until a filtrate conductivity of 0.0 mS/cm was achieved. Filtrate mass, feed pressure, and filtrate conductivity were monitored during the loading and washing steps. The washed, precipitated mRNA was dissolved and transformed into filtrate by altering the rinse from 80% ethanol to water. In this instance, the water was recirculated through the depth filter and filter system. Then the water with dissolved mRNA was collected and the mRNA recovery was measured via absorbance at 260 nm.

mRNA Analysis: In this and other examples described herein, change in resistance during mRNA loading to filter was recorded with increasing load and was measured as feed pressure divided by feed flux. This parameter was indicated instead of indicating pressure to normalize pressure changes resulting from flow rate changes. mRNA integrity (which can include capped and tailed (C/T) mRNA, where integrity includes assessment of poly-A tail length) was analyzed using the CE Fragment Analyzer™ with standard sensitivity mRNA analysis kit (Advanced Analytical Tech.) with a total mRNA load of 300 ng. Residual process enzymes were analyzed by preparing 20 μg of RNase I digested mRNA in NuPAGE sample loading and reducing buffer, separating samples on a NuPage 10% bis-tris gel at 200V for 35 minutes (Invitrogen). Then residual proteins were visualized using the SilverQuest™ silver stain kit (Invitrogen). The starting mass of an mRNA to be purified was calculated based on the theoretically expected amount of product as determined by initial reagent amounts in an IVT and/or a cap/tail reaction used to prepare the mRNA. The percent yield was calculated as the ratio of the obtained product to the theoretically expected amount of product.

No increase in resistance was observed with increasing mRNA load during the loading step. The trend of resistance vs. mRNA loading is shown in FIG. 2. Resistance was calculated as the feed pressure divided by feed flux.

The filtrate from the load and washing steps was inspected for the presence of precipitate as an indication of some portion of the precipitated mRNA passing through the filter. No precipitates were observed in the filtrate.

As noted above, the precipitated mRNA in the filter was washed with GSCN/Ethanol Wash Buffer followed by 80% EtOH. The effectiveness of this filter system to remove manufacturing salt contaminants was demonstrated by measuring the conductivity and plotting it against increasing volume of the EtOH wash buffer and is shown in FIG. 3. The conductivity conferred by the contaminant salts decreased to zero with the increasing flush volume, thereby indicating removal of the salts and showing that 80% Ethanol effectively removed salt contaminants from the filter and precipitated mRNA. In particular, filtrate conductivity of 0.0 mS/cm was observed after a flush volume of approximately 2.0 L per gram of mRNA.

The mRNA recovery from this purification method is summarized in Table 1. FIG. 4 shows percent mRNA recovery of in vitro transcribed CFTR mRNA over recirculation time. After 40 minutes of recirculating water through the system to dissolve the precipitated mRNA, filtrate was collected, and mRNA was measured via absorbance at A260. Surprisingly, 94% of the mRNA was recovered from this purification. This surprisingly high recovery percentage from resulting conductivity measure of zero indicated that (a) the precipitated mRNA was successfully captured/retained within the depth filter media, (b) precipitated mRNA captured in the depth filter media was effectively washed of salt contaminants and (c) precipitated mRNA captured in the depth filter media was effectively recovered.

TABLE 1

Summary of Product Recovery

Starting Mass
373 mg

Recovered Mass:
352 mg

% Recovery:
94%

As shown in Table 1, a high recovery was obtained using the normal flow filtration process described herein.

Example 2. Normal Flow Filter Purification of mRNA after the Capping and Tailing Reaction

In this experiment, normal flow filter purification was performed using a depth filter on IVT manufactured mRNA after the capping and tailing (C/T) reaction. The purification of the capped and tailed mRNA was evaluated using the following criteria: (i) retention of precipitated mRNA post C/T reaction within depth filter (the Clarisolve 60HX) as indicated by visual inspection of filtrate and product recovery; (ii) effectiveness of the precipitated mRNA wash to remove contaminants and retain mRNA, as indicated by filtrate conductivity and product recovery; (iii) recovery of mRNA (following dissolution of it in precipitated form, thereby transforming the mRNA captured in and/or on the filter to filter filtrate) as indicated by spectrophotometry; (iv) mRNA integrity as indicated by capillary electrophoresis (CE); and (v) mRNA purity as indicated by silver stain gel analysis.

Capping and Tailing (C/T) Reaction

Following synthesis of mRNA by in vitro transcription as described above, the in vitro transcribed mRNA was modified enzymatically by the addition of a 5′ N⁷-methylguanylate Cap 0 structure using guanylate transferase and the addition of a methyl group at the 2′ 0 position of the penultimate nucleotide resulting in a Cap 1 structure using 2′ O-methyltransferase as described by Fechter, P.; Brownlee, G. G. “Recognition of mRNA cap structures by viral and cellular proteins” J. Gen. Virology 2005, 86, 1239-1249. Following addition of the Cap 1 structure, a poly-adenylate tail was added to the 3′ end of the in vitro transcribed mRNA enzymatically using poly-A polymerase.

The C/T reaction was performed immediately prior to the precipitation and depth filter testing.

A. Precipitation

The C/T material was precipitated without dilution (Precipitation 1). The precipitation was performed by first mixing the mRNA feed material with GSCN buffer (and mixed for 14 minutes to denature the mRNA. 100% Ethanol was added to the mixture and mixed for 6 minutes to precipitate the mRNA.

B. Filtration

The resulting solution comprising precipitated mRNA was loaded onto the depth filter at constant feed flux of approximately 1600 LMH (based on previous testing and process time considerations). After completion of the loading, the captured precipitate was rinsed (washed) with GSCN/Ethanol Wash Buffer (as described above) followed by 80% Ethanol washing until a filtrate conductivity of 0.0 mS/cm was achieved. Filtrate mass, feed pressure, and filtrate conductivity were monitored during the loading and washing steps. The washed, precipitated mRNA in the depth filter was dissolved by recirculating water through the depth filter, thereby transforming the captured mRNA to filtrate. The dissolved mRNA then was recovered as filtrate and the recovery was measured over time via absorbance at 260 nm.

A second precipitation (Precipitation 2) also was performed on the mRNA eluted from the depth filter. This second precipitation was performed using the same procedure used for the first precipitation. The precipitated mRNA captured by the filter was subjected to a second round of washing, followed by dissolution and collection as filtrate, following the same procedure described above.

The trend of resistance vs. mRNA loading for the C/T Precipitations 1 and 2 are show in FIGS. 4 and 5, respectively. Minimal, if any, increase in resistance was observed during the loading step. The filtrate from the load and washing steps was inspected for the presence of precipitates. As shown in FIG. 6, no precipitates were observed in the filtrate in both the cases.

The effectiveness of 80% Ethanol flush to remove residual salt is shown in FIG. 7. The 80% Ethanol effectively removed residual salt from the filter and precipitated mRNA. Approximately 9 L of 80% Ethanol per gram of mRNA was flushed through each of the filters prior to mRNA dissolution and recovery.

Precipitated mRNA post C/T reaction was successfully dissolved and recovered from the depth filter, further indicating that the precipitated mRNA was retained within the depth filter media and that the 80% Ethanol flush was effective in both maintaining mRNA in its precipitated state captured on and/or within the filter and in removing salt contaminants. The product recovery during recirculation is shown in FIG. 8A-B and summarized in Table 2, summarizing the recovery mass and percentage.

TABLE 2

Summary of Product Recovery

C/T Precipitation 1
C/T Precipitation 2

Starting Mass
289 mg*
270 mg

Recovered Mass:
274 mg
269 mg

% Recovery:
95%
100%

*Starting mass assumes a 10% increase from C/T reaction concentration based on expected tail length.

An assessment of the mRNA integrity was performed by examining an aliquot of the recovered purified mRNA using capillary electrophoresis. The results indicate high degree of purity and integrity as shown in FIG. 9. A single peak with no significant shoulder was observed. This indicates that the depth filter process successfully removed contaminants (e.g., shortmers) and at the same time did not adversely impact mRNA quality and integrity, rather it resulted in a highly purified mRNA with high level of mRNA integrity.

Analysis of the mRNA purity was further assessed by digesting the mRNA product with RNase I and visualizing the remaining contaminants by electrophoresing the digested products in a gel and visualizing with silver stain. Silver stain is sensitive to small amounts of protein in the composition and thus can detect even low amounts of residual capping enzymes or tailing enzyme. As shown in FIG. 10, lanes 4 and 5, the precipitated and filtered mRNA products were free of proteins, similar to lanes 2, which is a negative control of highly pure mRNA. No residual enzymes corresponding to the enzyme in lanes 6-10 were observed. This indicates that use of normal flow filtration as described herein is effective in removing salts and enzymes used in the manufacture of mRNA to produce a highly pure mRNA product.

Example 3. Evaluation of Normal Flow Filtration for the Large-Scale mRNA Purification

In this experiment, a depth filter was used to perform normal flow filtration for purification of 15 grams of IVT synthesized CFTR mRNA. A summary of the process steps is described in Table 3.

TABLE 3

15 g CFTR mRNA Batch Manufacturing Process

Process Step
Description

IVT Reaction
In vitro transcription reaction

IVT
GSCN and Ethanol Precipitation.

Purification
Capture, wash, and re-

dissolve using depth filter (Clarisolve 60 HX).

IVT UF/DF
Concentration and buffer exchange via diafiltration and

ultrafiltration.

C/T
Capping and Tailing reaction.

C/T
GSCN and Ethanol Precipitation. Capture, wash, and re-

Purification 1
dissolve using depth filter (Clarisolve 60 HX).

C/T
GSCN and Ethanol Precipitation. Capture, wash, and re-

Purification 2
dissolve using depth filter (Clarisolve 60 HX).

C/T UF/DF
Concentration and buffer exchange via diafiltration and

ultrafiltration.

Sterile Filter
Sterile Filtration, Fill in PETG bottles,

and Fill
and Store at ≤−20° C.

For the normal flow filtration purification of the 15 grams of mRNA, a Clarisolve 60HX depth filter of 0.11 m², Process Scale Module (CS60HX01F1-X) was used, particularly for the capture and washing of the precipitated mRNA. mRNA loading was done at about 130 g/m².

The trends of resistance vs. mRNA loading for all three precipitations are shown in FIG. 11. Since all precipitations were loaded at the same flux, pressure drop was also included in the trends.

The 15 grams of CFTR mRNA was precipitated, loaded into the filter system, captured on and/or in the filter, washed using GSCN/Ethanol buffer followed by 80% Ethanol buffer, and then dissolved into filtrate as described above. The filtrate from the load and washing steps (where precipitated mRNA was retained in the filter) was inspected for the presence of precipitates. Photographs of the filtrate from the load are shown in FIG. 12. No precipitates were observed in the filtrates. The effectiveness of 80% Ethanol flush to remove residual salt is shown in FIG. 13 for all three precipitation steps. A filtrate conductivity of 0.0 mS/cm was achieved after approximately 3 L of 80% Ethanol per gram of mRNA. A total of 5 L/g of 80% Ethanol was flushed prior to recirculation. Ethanol flush volumes required to reach 0.0 mS/cm were comparable to the small scale runs. The 80% Ethanol flush effectively removed residual salt from the filter and precipitated mRNA, as indicated in FIG. 13.

Next, the mRNA was dissolved by switching to a water flush, which was recirculated, as described above. Recovery of the re-dissolved mRNA during recirculation is shown in FIGS. 14A-B. FIG. 14A shows the concentration of mRNA recovered over time. FIG. 14B indicates the % recovery of mRNA over time. The mRNA concentrations stabilized after 30-60 minutes of recirculation, after which mRNA was recovered as filtrate. Precipitated mRNA was successfully re-dissolved and recovered from the depth filter after each of the precipitations, further indicating that the product was successfully captured within the depth filter media during the 80% Ethanol flushes.

Table 4 summarizes the yield of the mRNA at each filtration step. The starting mass assumes a 10% increase from C/T reaction concentration based on expected tail length. A total of 15.4 g of mRNA was produced from the 15 g IVT. This kind of recovery was surprising and unexpected; and was considerably better than the typical processes used in the art, which for a starting mass of 15 g mRNA would be expected to yield approximately 8-10 g of mRNA.

TABLE 4

Yield Summary

mRNA Mass

Step Description
(g)
Step Yield (%)

IVT Reaction
N/M
N/A

IVT Precipitation 1
16.0
N/A

IVT UFDF
16.3
102%

C/T Reaction
N/M
N/A

C/T Precipitation 1*
16.1
90%

C/T Precipitation 2
15.7
98%

C/T UFDF
15.4
98%

*Yield calculations assume a 10% increase in mass resulting from the addition of the tail.

The quality of the purified mRNA was assessed by capillary electrophoresis. The electropherogram assessing mRNA integrity and tail length is shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B. An example of a high integrity control sample, in which CFTR mRNA product was purified earlier by a method without using depth filtration is shown in FIG. 15A. FIG. 15B shows an electropherogram of the depth filter eluted mRNA after two post C/T precipitations, and the result was better than the high integrity control sample. No significant shoulder was observed. The depth filter process did not adversely impact mRNA quality and integrity.

The results of smear analysis are shown in Table 5. The smear analysis of the depth filter batch indicates that mRNA quality was comparable to previously manufactured batches of mRNA by other methods.

TABLE 5

CE Smear Analysis

Main Peak
Shoulder

Lot Number
Sample Description
(%)
(%)

Depth Filter purified
Drug Substance -
78
21

mRNA
Depth Filter

Control mRNA
Drug Substance -
70
28

Control Sample

Further, the tail length analysis and the capping efficiency were evaluated for the purified mRNA sample. The tail length analysis is summarized in Table 6. The construct size and tail length are consistent with expectations, indicating that depth filter purification did not adversely affect the capping reaction. The results of the capping assay are shown in Table 7. The cap percentage was consistent with expectations, indicating that depth filter purification did not adversely affect the tailing reaction.

TABLE 6

mRNA Tail Length Analysis

Sample
Average Size (nt)
Tail Length (nt)

IVT
4649
N/A

Drug Substance
5141
492

TABLE 7

mRNA Capping Analysis

Uncapped
5

Cap 0
0

Cap G
0

Cap 1
95

The silver stain analysis assessing mRNA purity and residual enzymes is shown in FIG. 16. The mRNA purity was assessed after the first C/T precipitation as well as the second C/T precipitation (drug substance), shown in lanes 6 and 7 respectively. No residual enzymes bands were observed for material purified via depth filtration after the first precipitation and second precipitation. The silver stain indicated that the sample post-C/T precipitation 1 was free of residual enzyme.

To summarize, these results indicate that the depth filter effectively captured, washed, and recovered large-scale amounts of mRNA after each of the IVT and C/T reactions. Step yields for each of the two C/T normal flow filtrations exceeded 90%. The integrity of mRNA manufactured using the normal flow filtration purification process as described herein was consistent with expectations and reference standard quality, indicating that the depth filter purification did not have an adverse impact on integrity. It additionally showed that the depth filter-based purification process did not have an adverse impact on the capping and tailing reactions. Cap percentages and tail lengths were within consistent with references. Finally, no residual capping or tailing enzyme bands were detected after Precipitation 1 or Precipitation 2 indicating the depth filter was effective for facilitating the removal of these enzymes, as well as salt and short abortive RNA species.

In sum, this example demonstrates that large-scale amounts of mRNA, e.g., CFTR mRNA, purified using a normal flow filtration process as described herein has high purity and integrity, and may be produced in a large scale suitable for clinical use.

Example 4. Evaluation of Normal Flow Filtration for 100 g Batch mRNA Purification

In this experiment, a depth filter was used to perform normal flow filtration to purify 100 grams of IVT synthesized and capped and tailed (C/T) CFTR mRNA. A summary of the overall process steps is described in Table 8, with the normal flow filtration purification performed in each of the Purification steps (i.e., for IVT Purification and C/T Purification steps in Table 8).

TABLE 8

100 g CFTR mRNA Batch Manufacturing Process

Process Step
Description

IVT Reaction
In vitro transcription reaction

IVT
5M GSCN and Ethanol Precipitation. Capture, wash, and

Purification
re-dissolve using depth filter (Clarisolve 60 HX).

IVT UF/DF
Concentration and buffer exchange via diafiltration and

ultrafiltration.

C/T
Capping and Tailing reaction.

C/T
5M GSCN and Ethanol Precipitation. Capture, wash, and

Purification
re-dissolve using depth filter (Clarisolve 60 HX).

C/T UF/DF
Concentration and buffer exchange via diafiltration and

ultrafiltration.

Sterile Filter
Sterile Filtration, Fill in PETG bottles, and

and Fill
Store at ≤−20° C.

At the start of each purification step (i.e., IVT Purification and C/T Purification) mRNA was precipitated to a fine precipitate in suspension by addition of 5 M GSCN buffer followed by Ethanol. The precipitated mRNA was then transferred to the normal flow filtration system for purification. For each of the Purification steps, purification of 100 grams of mRNA was achieved using 0.66 m²of Clarisolve 60HX depth filter (2×0.33 m²process scale modules, CS60HX03F1-X), with the mRNA load on the filter being approximately 150 g/m².

For each purification step, the 100 grams of CFTR mRNA was (1) precipitated, (2) loaded into the filter system where the precipitated mRNA was captured by the filter, (3) washed on the filter using 80% Ethanol buffer, and then (4) dissolved into filtrate, which included recirculation of mRNA through the filter system. The 80% Ethanol wash removed all residual salt from the mRNA, as evidenced by a filtrate conductivity of 0.0 mS/cm with approximately 3 L of 80% Ethanol wash per gram of mRNA.

The mRNA was dissolved into filtrate by switching to a water flush, which was recirculated for approximately 60 minutes to maximize recovery, after which mRNA was recovered as filtrate.

For the 100 g batch of CFTR mRNA purified using the normal flow filtration described above, a final amount of 97.9 grams of the purified mRNA was recovered (e.g., across all steps in Table 8). This 97.9% recovery of purified mRNA was surprising and unexpected, especially at these high mass amounts of mRNA being processed.

The quality of the purified mRNA was assessed by several metrics, including by silver stain gel to measure residual enzyme and protein content, by capillary gel electrophoresis to measure mRNA integrity, and by known techniques to measure percent capping and poly A tail length. Those results are shown below in Table 9.

TABLE 9

Quality of Purified 100 g CFTR mRNA

Residual
mRNA

Tail

Scale
Yield
Yield
Enzyme
Integrity

Length

(g)
(g)
(%)
(gel)
(CGE)
Cap1 %
(nt)

100 g
97.9 g
97.9
Conforms
52.7%
100%
N/A

to reference
(conforms

to reference)

To summarize, these results indicate that the depth filter effectively captured, washed, and recovered a 100 g batch of mRNA. The yield of mRNA exceeded 95%. The integrity of mRNA manufactured using the normal flow filtration purification process as described herein was consistent with expectations and reference standard quality, indicating that the depth filter purification did not have an adverse impact on integrity. It additionally showed that the depth filter-based purification process did not have an adverse impact on the capping and tailing reactions. Cap percentages and tail lengths were consistent with references. Finally, no residual capping or tailing enzyme bands were detected in the purified mRNA, indicating the depth filter was effective for facilitating the removal of these enzymes, as well as salt and short abortive RNA species, from a 100 gram batch of mRNA. In sum, this example demonstrates that a 100 gram batch of mRNA, e.g., CFTR mRNA, can be purified using a normal flow filtration process as described herein to a level of high purity and integrity suitable for clinical use.

Example 5: Evaluation of Normal Flow Filtration Purification of MUT mRNA

In this experiment, normal flow filtration using depth filtration for purification of messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase protein (MUT) was evaluated. 15 grams of MUT mRNA was manufactured using steps described in Table 10 below with two normal flow filtration steps using a Clarisolve 60HX depth filter. Critical quality attributes of the purified MUT mRNA were used to evaluate the process performance and final drug substance profile.

TABLE 10

15 g MUT mRNA Batch Manufacturing Process

Process Step
Description

IVT Reaction
In vitro transcription reaction

IVT
5M GSCN and Ethanol Precipitation.

Purification
Capture, wash, and re-

dissolve using depth filter (Clarisolve 60 HX).

IVT UF/DF
Concentration and buffer exchange via diafiltration and

ultrafiltration.

C/T
Capping and Tailing reaction.

C/T
5M GSCN and Ethanol Precipitation.

Purification
Capture, wash, and re-

dissolve C/T mRNA using depth filter

(Clarisolve 60 HX).

C/T UF/DF
Concentration and buffer exchange via diafiltration and

ultrafiltration.

Sterile Filter
Sterile Filtration, Fill in PETG bottles,

and Fill
and Store at ≤−20° C.

For each of the IVT Purification and the C/T Purification steps, the mRNA loading filters are described in Table 11 below.

TABLE 11

mRNA Loading During Purification Steps

IVT Purification
CIT Purification

Parameters
(uncapped mRNA)
(capped and tailed mRNA)

Depth Filter Cat #
CS60HX01F1-X
CS60HX01F1-X

Total Surface Area (m²):
0.11
0.11

mRNA Loaded (g)
15.0
18.6

Scaled Load (g/m²)
136
169

Purification of the mRNA using the depth filter in each purification step involved three processes following precipitation of the mRNA: (1) loading of precipitated mRNA, (2) washing of the captured mRNA and (3) elution of mRNA from the membrane. Results of each individual process is further described below.

(1) Loading of Precipitated mRNA

Manufactured mRNA (uncapped and capped) is first denatured and precipitated in GSCN/Ethanol solution at a defined ratio under continuous mixing condition for a desired amount of time followed by pumping the precipitated solution through the pre-conditioned Clarisolve 60HX depth filter device to capture the precipitated mRNA on the filter membrane. Filtrate samples were collected at frequent intervals and no loss of precipitated mRNA was observed.

(2) 80% Ethanol Wash to Remove Buffer and Salts

For each of the IVT Purification and the C/T Purification steps, following the loading of precipitated mRNA, the filter system was rinsed with 80% v/v ethanol solution to remove the buffer salts and other process residual enzymes. FIG. 17 provides the measure of residual salt, as measured by filtrate conductivity, with successive wash volumes of the 80% v/v ethanol solution. The trends in removal of residual salt were consistent across both the purification steps. A filtrate conductivity of 0.0 mS/cm was achieved after approximately 2.5 L/g of 80% ethanol. A total of 1.5 L/g of 80% ethanol was flushed prior to recirculation. Ethanol flush volumes required to reach 0.0 mS/cm were comparable to previous small-scale runs. This demonstrates that this 80% ethanol flush effectively removed residual salt from the filter and precipitated mRNA.

(3) Recovery of mRNA

For each of the IVT Purification and the C/T Purification steps, recovery of mRNA from the depth filter was performed by recirculating RNase Free Water at 37° C., with frequent measurement of mRNA concentration of the filtrate pool to determine the point of saturation. Upon reaching the saturation level, the filtrate pool was replaced with a fresh RNase Free Water to elute the remaining mRNA. This step was performed until the concentration of mRNA in the filtrate pool was negligible. FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B show the recovery of mRNA (in terms of concentration) in the filtrate as a function of recirculation time.

As shown in the figures, the filtrate mRNA concentrations stabilized after 25 minutes of recirculation. This shows that precipitated mRNA was successfully re-dissolved and recovered from the depth filter after each of the precipitations, further indicating that the product was retained within the depth filter media and the effectiveness of the 80% ethanol flushes.

mRNA Yield

The total yield for mRNA across all manufacturing process steps as described in Table 10 exceeded 95%, based on a starting target mass of mRNA from the IVT reaction of 15 g of mRNA and assuming a 10% increase in mass after the C/T reaction due to the addition of the cap and 3′ tail.

Analytical Results The quality of the purified mRNA was assessed by several metrics, including by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) to measure mRNA integrity, by known techniques to measure percent capping and poly A tail length. The electropherogram assessing integrity and tail length of the MUT mRNA following the manufacture that included the two normal flow filtration steps as described in Table 10 is shown in FIG. 19. The electropherogram for the depth filter material after two precipitations (IVT and C/T) was consistent with expectations. No significant shoulder was observed, thereby indicating that the depth filter process did not adversely impact mRNA quality and integrity. The results of the smear analysis are shown below in Table 12.

TABLE 12

Smear Analysis of Purified MUT mRNA Drug Substance

Sample Description
Main Peak (%)
Shoulder (%)

Drug Substance - Depth Filter
80
18

Control Sample
78
20

The tail length analysis is summarized is Table 13. The construct size and tail length are consistent with expectations.

TABLE 13

Tail Length Analysis of MUT mRNA Drug Substance

Sample
Average Size (nt)
Tail Length (nt)

IVT
2577
N/A

Drug Substance
2923
380

The results of the capping assay are shown in Table 14. The cap percentage was consistent with expectations.

TABLE 14

Capping Efficiency for MUT mRNA Drug Substance

Cap Species
Percentage (%)

Uncapped
5

Cap 0
0

Cap G
0

Cap 1
95

The silver stain analysis assessing mRNA purity and residual enzymes is shown in FIG. 20. No residual enzymes bands were observed for material purified via depth filtration after the C/T precipitation (Lanes 3-6) at both 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL concentration, thereby indicating the efficiency of depth filter process in removing residual enzymes.

In summary, the depth filter effectively captured, washed, and recovered mRNA after the IVT and C/T reactions to yield a highly pure mRNA drug substance. The overall process yield with these purification steps exceeded 95%.

The integrity of mRNA manufactured by a depth-filter based purification process was consistent with expectation and reference standards, indicating that the depth filter purification did not have an adverse impact on integrity. In addition, the depth-filter based purification process did not have an adverse impact on the capping and tailing reactions. Cap percentages and tail lengths were within expectations and analytical specifications. Moreover, residual enzyme bands were detected after precipitation step indicating the depth filter was effective in facilitating the removal of residual process enzymes thereby improving the purity of mRNA.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the following claims: