RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 15/681,983 filed Aug. 21, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 14/351,449 filed Apr. 11, 2014, which is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2012/060136 filed Oct. 12, 2012, published as International Publication No. WO2013/056181 on Apr. 18, 2013, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent applications, U.S. Ser. No. 61/547,291, filed Oct. 14, 2011 and U.S. Ser. No. 61/698,204, filed Sep. 7, 2012, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Brain excitability is defined as the level of arousal of an animal, a continuum that ranges from coma to convulsions, and is regulated by various neurotransmitters. In general, neurotransmitters are responsible for regulating the conductance of ions across neuronal membranes. At rest, the neuronal membrane possesses a potential (or membrane voltage) of approximately −70 mV, the cell interior being negative with respect to the cell exterior. The potential (voltage) is the result of ion (K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, organic anions) balance across the neuronal semipermeable membrane. Neurotransmitters are stored in presynaptic vesicles and are released under the influence of neuronal action potentials. When released into the synaptic cleft, an excitatory chemical transmitter such as acetylcholine will cause membrane depolarization (change of potential from −70 mV to −50 mV). This effect is mediated by postsynaptic nicotinic receptors which are stimulated by acetylcholine to increase membrane permeability to Na⁺ ions. The reduced membrane potential stimulates neuronal excitability in the form of a postsynaptic action potential.

In the case of the GABA receptor complex (GRC), the effect on brain excitability is mediated by GABA, a neurotransmitter. GABA has a profound influence on overall brain excitability because up to 40% of the neurons in the brain utilize GABA as a neurotransmitter. GABA regulates the excitability of individual neurons by regulating the conductance of chloride ions across the neuronal membrane. GABA interacts with its recognition site on the GRC to facilitate the flow of chloride ions down an electrochemical gradient of the GRC into the cell. An intracellular increase in the levels of this anion causes hyperpolarization of the transmembrane potential, rendering the neuron less susceptible to excitatory inputs (i.e., reduced neuron excitability). In other words, the higher the chloride ion concentration in the neuron, the lower the brain excitability (the level of arousal).

It is well-documented that the GRC is responsible for the mediation of anxiety, seizure activity, and sedation. Thus, GABA and drugs that act like GABA or facilitate the effects of GABA (e.g., the therapeutically useful barbiturates and benzodiazepines (BZs), such as Valium®) produce their therapeutically useful effects by interacting with specific regulatory sites on the GRC. Accumulated evidence has now indicated that in addition to the benzodiazepine and barbiturate binding site, the GRC contains a distinct site for neuroactive steroids (Lan, N. C. et al., Neurochem. Res. 16:347-356 (1991)).

Neuroactive steroids can occur endogenously. The most potent endogenous neuroactive steroids are 3α-hydroxy-5-reduced pregnan-20-one and 3α-21-dihydroxy-5-reduced pregnan-20-one, metabolites of hormonal steroids progesterone and deoxycorticosterone, respectively. The ability of these steroid metabolites to alter brain excitability was recognized in 1986 (Majewska, M. D. et al., Science 232:1004-1007 (1986); Harrison, N. L. et al., J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 241:346-353 (1987)).

The ovarian hormone progesterone and its metabolites have been demonstrated to have profound effects on brain excitability (Backstrom, T. et al., Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl. 130:19-24 (1985); Pfaff, D. W and McEwen, B. S., Science 219:808-814 (1983); Gyermek et al., J Med Chem. 11: 117 (1968); Lambert, J. et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 8:224-227 (1987)). The levels of progesterone and its metabolites vary with the phases of the menstrual cycle. It has been well documented that the levels of progesterone and its metabolites decrease prior to the onset of menses. The monthly recurrence of certain physical symptoms prior to the onset of menses has also been well documented. These symptoms, which have become associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), include stress, anxiety, and migraine headaches (Dalton, K., Premenstrual Syndrome and Progesterone Therapy, 2nd edition, Chicago Yearbook, Chicago (1984)). Subjects with PMS have a monthly recurrence of symptoms that are present in premenses and absent in postmenses.

In a similar fashion, a reduction in progesterone has also been temporally correlated with an increase in seizure frequency in female epileptics, i.e., catamenial epilepsy (Laidlaw, J., Lancet, 1235-1237 (1956)). A more direct correlation has been observed with a reduction in progesterone metabolites (Rosciszewska et al., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 49:47-51 (1986)). In addition, for subjects with primary generalized petit mal epilepsy, the temporal incidence of seizures has been correlated with the incidence of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (Backstrom, T. et al., J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2:8-20 (1983)). The steroid deoxycorticosterone has been found to be effective in treating subjects with epileptic spells correlated with their menstrual cycles (Aird, R. B. and Gordan, G., J. Amer. Med. Soc. 145:715-719 (1951)).

A syndrome also related to low progesterone levels is postnatal depression (PND). Immediately after birth, progesterone levels decrease dramatically leading to the onset of PND. The symptoms of PND range from mild depression to psychosis requiring hospitalization. PND is also associated with severe anxiety and irritability. PND-associated depression is not amenable to treatment by classic antidepressants, and women experiencing PND show an increased incidence of PMS (Dalton, K., Premenstrual Syndrome and Progesterone Therapy, 2nd edition, Chicago Yearbook, Chicago (1984)).

Collectively, these observations imply a crucial role for progesterone and deoxycorticosterone and more specifically their metabolites in the homeostatic regulation of brain excitability, which is manifested as an increase in seizure activity or symptoms associated with catamenial epilepsy, PMS, and PND. The correlation between reduced levels of progesterone and the symptoms associated with PMS, PND, and catamenial epilepsy (Backstrom, T. et al., J Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2:8-20 (1983)); Dalton, K., Premenstrual Syndrome and Progesterone Therapy, 2nd edition, Chicago Yearbook, Chicago (1984)) has prompted the use of progesterone in their treatment (Mattson et al., “Medroxyprogesterone therapy of catamenial epilepsy,” in Advances in Epileptology: XVth Epilepsy International Symposium, Raven Press, New York (1984), pp. 279-282, and Dalton, K., Premenstrual Syndrome and Progesterone Therapy, 2nd edition, Chicago Yearbook, Chicago (1984)). However, progesterone is not consistently effective in the treatment of the aforementioned syndromes. For example, no dose-response relationship exists for progesterone in the treatment of PMS (Maddocks et al., Obstet. Gynecol. 154:573-581 (1986); Dennerstein et al., Brit. Med J 290:16-17 (1986)).

New and improved neuroactive steroids are needed that act as modulating agents for brain excitability, as well as agents for the prevention and treatment of CNS-related diseases. The compounds, compositions, and methods described herein are directed toward this end.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based, in part, on the desire to provide novel 19-nor compounds with good potency, pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, oral bioavailability, formulatability, stability, safety, clearance and/or metabolism. One key feature of the compounds as described herein is disubstitution at the C3 position. The inventors envision disubstitution at C-3 will eliminate the potential for oxidation to the ketone, prevent further metabolism, and reduce the potential for secondary elimination pathways, such as glucuronidation. The inventors further envision the overall effect of C3 disubstitution should be of improving the overall PK parameters and reducing potential toxicities and side effects, which may allow, in certain embodiments, administration orally and/or chronically. Another key feature of the compounds as described herein is the presence of a hydrogen at the C10 position (“19-nor”) rather than a methyl group. The inventors envision 19-nor compounds, as compared to their C10-methyl counterparts, will have improved physical properties, such as improved solubility. The inventors envision futher enhancement of solubility, for example, when the AB ring system is in the cis configuration.

Thus, in one aspect, provided herein are compounds according to Formula (I) or (III):

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof; wherein R², R⁴, R^6a, R^6b, R^11a, R^11b, are as defined herein,

R¹is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR^A1, —SR^A1, —N(R^A1)₂, —OC(═O)R^A1, —OC(═O)OR^A1, —OC(═O)SR^A1, —OC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —SC(═O)R^A2, —SC(═O)OR^A1, —SC(═O)SR^A1, —SC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —NHC(═O)R^A1, —NHC(═O)OR^A1, —NHC(═O)SR^A1, —NHC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —OS(═O)₂R^A2, —OS(═O)₂OR^A1, —S—S(═O)₂R^A2, —S—S(═O)₂OR^A1, —S(═O)R^A2, —SO₂R^A2, or —S(═O)₂OR^A1, wherein each instance of R^A1is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or two R^A1groups are joined to form an substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and R^A2is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and

R^3′is hydrogen, —C(═O)R^C1, —C(═O)OR^C1, —C(═O)SR^C1, —C(═O)N(R^C1)₂, —S(═O)₂R^C2, —S(═O)₂OR^C1, —P(═O)₂R^C2, —P(═O)₂OR^C1, —P(═O)(OR^C1)₂, —P(═O)(R^C2)₂, or —P(═O)(R^C2)(OR^C1), wherein R^C1is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or two R^C1groups are joined to form an substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; and R^C2is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

wherein [Image Omitted] independently represents a single or double bond, provided if a double bond is present in Ring B, then one of R^6aor R^6bis absent, and provided if a single bond is present in Ring B, then the hydrogen at C5 is in the alpha or beta position.

In another aspect, provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) or (III) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certain embodiments, the compound of the present invention is provided in an effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the compound of the present invention is provided in a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the compound of the present invention is provided in a prophylactically effective amount.

Compounds as described herein, act, in certain embodiments, as GABA modulators, e.g., effecting the GABA_Areceptor in either a positive or negative manner. As modulators of the excitability of the central nervous system (CNS), as mediated by their ability to modulate GABA_Areceptor, such compounds are expected to have CNS-activity.

Thus, in another aspect, provided are methods of treating a CNS-related condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or (III) to the subject. In certain embodiments, the CNS-related condition is insomnia, depression, mood disorders, convulsive disorders, memory disorders, attention disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, psychosis, compulsive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, Autism spectrum disorder, dysthymia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, pain, sleep disorders, memory disorders, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, a seizure disorder, traumatic brain injury, stroke, addictive disorders, autism, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Rett syndrome, withdrawal syndromes, or tinnitus.

Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the ensuing detailed description, examples, and claims.

Definitions
Chemical Definitions

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Thomas Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.

Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, N Y, 1962); and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind. 1972). The invention additionally encompasses compounds described herein as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers.

As used herein a pure enantiomeric compound is substantially free from other enantiomers or stereoisomers of the compound (i.e., in enantiomeric excess). In other words, an “S” form of the compound is substantially free from the “R” form of the compound and is, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the “R” form. The term “enantiomerically pure” or “pure enantiomer” denotes that the compound comprises more than 75% by weight, more than 80% by weight, more than 85% by weight, more than 90% by weight, more than 91% by weight, more than 92% by weight, more than 93% by weight, more than 94% by weight, more than 95% by weight, more than 96% by weight, more than 97% by weight, more than 98% by weight, more than 98.5% by weight, more than 99% by weight, more than 99.2% by weight, more than 99.5% by weight, more than 99.6% by weight, more than 99.7% by weight, more than 99.8% by weight or more than 99.9% by weight, of the enantiomer. In certain embodiments, the weights are based upon total weight of all enantiomers or stereoisomers of the compound.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “enantiomerically pure R-compound” refers to at least about 80% by weight R-compound and at most about 20% by weight S-compound, at least about 90% by weight R-compound and at most about 10% by weight S-compound, at least about 95% by weight R-compound and at most about 5% by weight S-compound, at least about 99% by weight R-compound and at most about 1% by weight S-compound, at least about 99.9% by weight R-compound or at most about 0.1% by weight S-compound. In certain embodiments, the weights are based upon total weight of compound.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “enantiomerically pure S-compound” or “S-compound” refers to at least about 80% by weight S-compound and at most about 20% by weight R-compound, at least about 90% by weight S-compound and at most about 10% by weight R-compound, at least about 95% by weight S-compound and at most about 5% by weight R-compound, at least about 99% by weight S-compound and at most about 1% by weight R-compound or at least about 99.9% by weight S-compound and at most about 0.1% by weight R-compound. In certain embodiments, the weights are based upon total weight of compound.

In the compositions provided herein, an enantiomerically pure compound can be present with other active or inactive ingredients. For example, a pharmaceutical composition comprising enantiomerically pure R-compound can comprise, for example, about 90% excipient and about 10% enantiomerically pure R-compound. In certain embodiments, the enantiomerically pure R-compound in such compositions can, for example, comprise, at least about 95% by weight R-compound and at most about 5% by weight S-compound, by total weight of the compound. For example, a pharmaceutical composition comprising enantiomerically pure S-compound can comprise, for example, about 90% excipient and about 10% enantiomerically pure S-compound. In certain embodiments, the enantiomerically pure S-compound in such compositions can, for example, comprise, at least about 95% by weight S-compound and at most about 5% by weight R-compound, by total weight of the compound. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient can be formulated with little or no excipient or carrier.

The articles “a” and “an” may be used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. at least one) of the grammatical objects of the article. By way of example “an analogue” means one analogue or more than one analogue.

The following terms are intended to have the meanings presented therewith below and are useful in understanding the description and intended scope of the present invention.

When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example “C_1-6alkyl” is intended to encompass, C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C_1-6, C_1-5, C_1-4, C_1-3, C_1-2, C_2-6, C_2-5, C_2-4, C_2-3, C_3-6, C_3-5, C_3-4, C_4-6, C_4-5, and C_5-6alkyl.

“Alkyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (“C_1-20alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbon atoms (“C_1-12alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C_1-10alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C_1-9alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C_1-8alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C_1-7alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C_1-6alkyl”, also referred to herein as “lower alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C_1-5alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C_1-4alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C_1-3alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C_1-2alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C₁alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C_2-6alkyl”). Examples of C_1-6alkyl groups include methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), and n-hexyl (C₆). Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C₇), n-octyl (C₈) and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents; e.g., for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, or 1 substituent. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is unsubstituted C_1-10alkyl (e.g., —CH₃). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is substituted C_1-10alkyl.

“Alkylene” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, as defined above, wherein two hydrogens are removed to provide a divalent radical. Exemplary divalent alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), the propylene isomers (e.g., —CH₂CH₂CH₂— and —CH(CH₃)CH₂—) and the like.

“Alkenyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and no triple bonds (“C_2-20alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C_2-10alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C_2-9alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C_2-8alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C_2-7alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C_2-6alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C_2-5alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C_2-4alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C_2-3alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C₂alkenyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl). Examples of C_2-4alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C₂), 1-propenyl (C₃), 2-propenyl (C₃), 1-butenyl (C₄), 2-butenyl (C₄), butadienyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C_2-6alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C_2-4alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C₅), pentadienyl (C₅), hexenyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C₇), octenyl (C₈), octatrienyl (C₈), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkenyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents e.g., for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, or 1 substituent. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is unsubstituted C_2-10alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is substituted C_2-10alkenyl.

“Alkenylene” refers a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, as defined above, wherein two hydrogens are removed to provide a divalent radical. Exemplary divalent alkenylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethenylene (—CH═CH—), propenylenes (e.g., —CH═CHCH₂— and —C(CH₃)═CH— and —CH═C(CH₃)—), and the like.

“Alkynyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds, and optionally one or more double bonds (“C_2-20alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms (“C_2-10alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C_2-9alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C_2-8alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C_2-7alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C₂alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C_2-5alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C_2-4alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C_2-3alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C₂alkynyl”). The one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl). Examples of C_2-4alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C₂), 1-propynyl (C₃), 2-propynyl (C₃), 1-butynyl (C₄), 2-butynyl (C₄), and the like. Examples of C_2-6alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C_2-4alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C₅), hexynyl (C₆), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C₇), octynyl (C₈), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents; e.g., for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, or 1 substituent. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is unsubstituted C_2-10alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is substituted C_2-10alkynyl.

“Alkynylene” refers a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl group, as defined above, wherein two hydrogens are removed to provide a divalent radical. Exemplary divalent alkynylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethynylene, propynylene, and the like.

“Aryl” refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C_6-14aryl”). In some embodiments, an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms (“C₆aryl”; e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has ten ring carbon atoms (“C₁₀aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms (“C₁₄aryl”; e.g., anthracyl). “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene, and trinaphthalene. Particularly aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an aryl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is unsubstituted C_6-14aryl. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is substituted C_6-14aryl. In certain embodiments, an aryl group substituted with one or more of groups selected from halo, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈haloalkyl, cyano, hydroxy, C₁-C₈alkoxy, and amino.

Examples of representative substituted aryls include the following:

[Image Omitted]

In these formulae one of R⁵⁶and R⁵⁷may be hydrogen, and at least one of R⁵⁶and R⁵⁷is each independently selected from C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈haloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, alkanoyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, heteroaryloxy, alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, —NR⁵⁸COR⁵⁹, —NR⁵⁸SOR⁵⁹, —NR⁵⁸SO₂R⁵⁹, —COOalkyl, —COOaryl, —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹, —CONR⁵⁸OR⁵⁹, —NR⁵⁸R⁵⁹, —SO₂NR⁵⁸R⁵⁹, —S-alkyl, —SOalkyl, —SO₂alkyl, —Saryl, —SOaryl, —SO₂aryl; or R⁵⁶and R⁵⁷may be joined to form a cyclic ring (saturated or unsaturated) from 5 to 8 atoms, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group N, O, or S. R⁶⁰and R⁶¹are independently hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, substituted C₆-C₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or substituted 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

“Fused aryl” refers to an aryl having two of its ring carbon in common with a second aryl ring or with an aliphatic ring.

“Aralkyl” is a subset of alkyl and aryl, as defined herein, and refers to an optionally substituted alkyl group substituted by an optionally substituted aryl group.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a radical of a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heteroaryl” includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).

In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.

Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.

Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.

Examples of representative heteroaryls include the following:

[Image Omitted]

wherein each Y is selected from carbonyl, N, NR⁶⁵, O, and S; and R⁶⁵is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl.

Examples of representative aryl having heteroatom-containing substitutions include the following:

[Image Omitted]

wherein each W is selected from C(R⁶⁶)₂, NR⁶⁶, O, and S; and each Y is selected from carbonyl, NR⁶⁶, O, and S; and R⁶⁶is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10-membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, and 5-10-membered heteroaryl.

“Heteroaralkyl” is a subset of alkyl and heteroaryl, as defined herein, and refers to an optionally substituted alkyl group substituted by an optionally substituted heteroaryl group.

“Carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C_3-10carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C_3-8carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C₃₇carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C_3-6carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C_5-10carbocyclyl”). Exemplary C_3-6carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclopropenyl (C₃), cyclobutyl (C₄), cyclobutenyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclopentenyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl (C₆), and the like. Exemplary C_3-8carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C_3-6carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇), cycloheptenyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl (C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇), cyclooctyl (C₈), cyclooctenyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C₇), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C₈), and the like. Exemplary C_3-10carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C_3-8carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C₉), cyclononenyl (C₉), cyclodecyl (C₁₀), cyclodecenyl (C₁₀), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C₉), decahydronaphthalenyl (C₁₀), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C₁₀), and the like. As the foregoing examples illustrate, in certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is unsubstituted C_3-10carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C_3-10carbocyclyl.

In some embodiments, “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C_3-10cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C_3-8cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C_3-6cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C_5-6cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C_5-10cycloalkyl”). Examples of C_5-6cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C₅) and cyclohexyl (C₅). Examples of C_3-6cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C_5-6cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C₃) and cyclobutyl (C₄). Examples of C_3-8cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C_3-6cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇) and cyclooctyl (C₈). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C_3-10cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is substituted C_3-10cycloalkyl.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a radical of a 3- to 10-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon (“3-10 membered heterocyclyl”). In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”), and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heterocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of heterocyclyl is independently optionally substituted, i.e., unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiorenyl. Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl.

Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C₆aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 5,6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 6,6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.

Particular examples of heterocyclyl groups are shown in the following illustrative examples:

[Image Omitted]

wherein each W is selected from CR⁶⁷, C(R⁶⁷)₂, NR⁶⁷, O, and S; and each Y is selected from NR⁶⁷, O, and S; and R⁶⁷is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl. These heterocyclyl rings may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl (carbamoyl or amido), aminocarbonylamino, aminosulfonyl, sulfonylamino, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, keto, nitro, thiol, —S-alkyl, —S-aryl, —S(O)-alkyl, —S(O)-aryl, —S(O)₂-alkyl, and —S(O)₂-aryl. Substituting groups include carbonyl or thiocarbonyl which provide, for example, lactam and urea derivatives.

“Hetero” when used to describe a compound or a group present on a compound means that one or more carbon atoms in the compound or group have been replaced by a nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur heteroatom. Hetero may be applied to any of the hydrocarbyl groups described above such as alkyl, e.g., heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, e.g., heterocyclyl, aryl, e.g, heteroaryl, cycloalkenyl, e.g., cycloheteroalkenyl, and the like having from 1 to 5, and particularly from 1 to 3 heteroatoms.

“Acyl” refers to a radical —C(O)R²⁰, where R²⁰is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, as defined herein. “Alkanoyl” is an acyl group wherein R²⁰is a group other than hydrogen. Representative acyl groups include, but are not limited to, formyl (—CHO), acetyl (—C(═O)CH₃), cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl, benzoyl (—C(═O)Ph), benzylcarbonyl (—C(═O)CH₂Ph), —C(O)—C₁-C₈alkyl, —C(O)—(CH₂)_t(C₆-C₁₀aryl), —C(O)—(CH₂)_t(5-10 membered heteroaryl), —C(O)—(CH₂)_t(C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl), and —C(O)—(CH₂)_t(4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4. In certain embodiments, R²¹is C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is substituted with unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxy.

“Acylamino” refers to a radical —NR²²C(O)R²³, where each instance of R²²and R²³is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, as defined herein, or R²²is an amino protecting group. Exemplary “acylamino” groups include, but are not limited to, formylamino, acetylamino, cyclohexylcarbonylamino, cyclohexylmethyl-carbonylamino, benzoylamino and benzylcarbonylamino. Particular exemplary “acylamino” groups are —NR²⁴C(O)—C₁-C₈alkyl, —NR²⁴C(O)—(CH₂)_t(C₆-C₁₀aryl), —NR²⁴C(O)—(CH₂)_t(5-10 membered heteroaryl), —NR²⁴C(O)—(CH₂)_t(C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl), and —NR²⁴C(O)—(CH₂)_t(4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4, and each R²⁴independently represents H or C₁-C₈alkyl. In certain embodiments, R²⁵is H, C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is substituted with unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxy; and R²⁶is H, C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is substituted with unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxyl; provided at least one of R²⁵and R²⁶is other than H.

“Acyloxy” refers to a radical —OC(O)R²⁷, where R²⁷is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl, benzoyl and benzylcarbonyl. In certain embodiments, R²⁸is C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, arylalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, each of which is substituted with unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxy.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —OR²⁹where R²⁹is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. Particular alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylbutoxy. Particular alkoxy groups are lower alkoxy, i.e. with between 1 and 6 carbon atoms. Further particular alkoxy groups have between 1 and 4 carbon atoms.

In certain embodiments, R²⁹is a group that has 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, in particular 1 substituent, selected from the group consisting of amino, substituted amino, C₆-C₁₀aryl, aryloxy, carboxyl, cyano, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, halogen, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, hydroxyl, nitro, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—. Exemplary ‘substituted alkoxy’ groups include, but are not limited to, —O—(CH₂)_t(C₆-C₁₀aryl), —O—(CH₂)_t(5-10 membered heteroaryl), —O—(CH₂)_t(C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl), and —O—(CH₂)_t(4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4 and any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl groups present, may themselves be substituted by unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxy. Particular exemplary ‘substituted alkoxy’ groups are —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —OCH₂Ph, —OCH₂-cyclopropyl, —OCH₂CH₂OH, and —OCH₂CH₂NMe₂.

“Amino” refers to the radical —NH₂.

“Substituted amino” refers to an amino group of Formula —N(R³⁸)₂wherein R³⁸is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or an amino protecting group, wherein at least one of R³⁸is not a hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each R³⁸is independently selected from: hydrogen, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₈alkenyl, C₃-C₈alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl; or C₁-C₈alkyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C₃-C₈alkenyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy; C₃-C₈alkynyl, substituted with halo or hydroxy, or —(CH₂)_t(C₆-C₁₀aryl), —(CH₂)_t(5-10 membered heteroaryl), —(CH₂)_t(C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl), or —(CH₂)_t(4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer between 0 and 8, each of which is substituted by unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxy; or both R³⁸groups are joined to form an alkylene group.

Exemplary ‘substituted amino’ groups are —NR³⁹—C₁-C₈alkyl, —NR³⁹—(CH₂)_t(C₆-C₁₀aryl), —NR³⁹—(CH₂)_t(5-10 membered heteroaryl), —NR³⁹—(CH₂)_t(C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl), and —NR³⁹—(CH₂)_t(4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4, for instance 1 or 2, each R³⁹independently represents H or C₁-C₈alkyl; and any alkyl groups present, may themselves be substituted by halo, substituted or unsubstituted amino, or hydroxy; and any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl groups present, may themselves be substituted by unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxy. For the avoidance of doubt the term ‘substituted amino’ includes the groups alkylamino, substituted alkylamino, alkylarylamino, substituted alkylarylamino, arylamino, substituted arylamino, dialkylamino, and substituted dialkylamino as defined below. Substituted amino encompasses both monosubstituted amino and disubstituted amino groups.

“Azido” refers to the radical —N₃.

“Carbamoyl” or “amido” refers to the radical —C(O)NH₂.

“Substituted carbamoyl” or “substituted amido” refers to the radical —C(O)N(R⁶²)₂wherein each R⁶²is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or an amino protecting group, wherein at least one of R⁶²is not a hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁶²is selected from H, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, aralkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl; or C₁-C₈alkyl substituted with halo or hydroxy; or C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, aralkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl, each of which is substituted by unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxy; provided that at least one R⁶²is other than H. Exemplary ‘substituted carbamoyl’ groups include, but are not limited to, —C(O) NR⁶⁴—C₁-C₈alkyl, —C(O)NR⁶⁴—(CH₂)_t(C₆-C₁₀aryl), —C(O)N⁶⁴—(CH₂)_t(5-10 membered heteroaryl), —C(O)NR⁶⁴—(CH₂)_t(C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl), and —C(O)NR⁶⁴—(CH₂)_t(4-10 membered heterocyclyl), wherein t is an integer from 0 to 4, each R⁶⁴independently represents H or C₁-C₈alkyl and any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl groups present, may themselves be substituted by unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkyl, halo, unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkoxy, unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl, or unsubstituted C₁-C₄haloalkoxy or hydroxy.

“Carboxy” refers to the radical —C(O)OH.

“Cyano” refers to the radical —CN.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I). In certain embodiments, the halo group is either fluoro or chloro.

“Hydroxy” refers to the radical —OH.

“Nitro” refers to the radical —NO₂.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical in which the alkyl group is substituted with a cycloalkyl group. Typical cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cycloheptylmethyl, cyclooctylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cycloheptylethyl, and cyclooctylethyl, and the like.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical in which the alkyl group is substituted with a heterocyclyl group. Typical heterocyclylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinylmethyl, piperidinylmethyl, piperazinylmethyl, morpholinylmethyl, pyrrolidinylethyl, piperidinylethyl, piperazinylethyl, morpholinylethyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkenyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms and having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings, including fused and bridged ring systems and having at least one and particularly from 1 to 2 sites of olefinic unsaturation. Such cycloalkenyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopropenyl, and the like.

“Fused cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl having two of its ring carbon atoms in common with a second aliphatic or aromatic ring and having its olefinic unsaturation located to impart aromaticity to the cycloalkenyl ring.

“Ethenyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted —(CH═CH)—.

“Ethylene” refers to substituted or unsubstituted —(CH₂—CH₂)—.

“Ethynyl” refers to —(C≡C)—.

“Nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl” group means a 4- to 7-membered non-aromatic cyclic group containing at least one nitrogen atom, for example, but without limitation, morpholine, piperidine (e.g. 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl and 4-piperidinyl), pyrrolidine (e.g. 2-pyrrolidinyl and 3-pyrrolidinyl), azetidine, pyrrolidone, imidazoline, imidazolidinone, 2-pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, piperazine, and N-alkyl piperazines such as N-methyl piperazine. Particular examples include azetidine, piperidone and piperazone.

“Thioketo” refers to the group ═S.

Alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, as defined herein, are optionally substituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group). In general, the term “substituted”, whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position. The term “substituted” is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound. The present invention contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound. For purposes of this invention, heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.

Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^aa, —ON(R^bb)₂, —N(R^bb)₂, —N(R^bb)₃⁺X⁻, —N(OR^cc)R^bb, —SH, —SR^aa, —SSR^cc, —C(═O)R^aa, —CO₂H, —CHO, —C(OR^cc)₂, —CO₂R^aa, —OC(═O)R^aa, —OCO₂R^aa, —C(═O)N(R^bb)₂, —OC(═O)N(R^bb)₂, —NR^bbC(═O)R^aa, —NR^bbCO₂R^aa, —NR^bbC(═O)N(R^bb)₂, —C(═NR^bb)R^aa, —C(═NR^bb)OR^aa, —OC(═NR^bb)R^aa, —OC(═NR^bb)OR^aa, —C(═NR^bb)N(R^bb)₂, —OC(═NR^bb)N(R^bb)₂, —NR^bbC(═NR^bb)N(R^bb)₂, —C(═O)NR^bbSO₂R^aa, —NR^bbSO₂R^aa, —SO₂N(R^bb)₂, —SO₂R^aa, —SO₂OR^aa, —OSO₂R^aa, —S(═O)R^aa, —OS(═O)R^aa, —Si(R^aa)₃, —OSi(R^aa)₃—C(═S)N(R^bb)₂, —C(═O)SR^aa, —C(═S)SR^aa, —SC(═S)SR^aa, —SC(═O)SR^aa, —OC(═O)SR^aa, —SC(═O)OR^aa, —SC(═O)R^aa, —P(═O)₂R^aa, —OP(═O)₂R^aa, —P(═O)(R^aa)₂, —OP(═O)(R^aa)₂, —OP(═O)(OR^cc)₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^bb)₂, —OP(═O)₂N(R^bb)₂, —P(═O)(NR^bb)₂, —OP(═O)(NR^bb)₂, —NR^bbP(═O)(OR^cc)₂, —NR^bbP(═O)(NR^bb)₂, —P(R^cc)₂, —P(R^cc)₃, —OP(R^cc)₂, —OP(R^cc)₃, —B(R^aa)₂, —B(OR^cc)₂, —BR^aa(OR^cc), C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10perhaloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-14aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^ddgroups; or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group ═O, ═S, ═NN(R^bb)₂, ═NNR^bbC(═O)R^aa, ═NNR^bbC(═O)OR^aa, ═NNR^bbS(═O)₂R^aa, ═NR^bb, or ═NOR^cc; each instance of R^aais, independently, selected from C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10perhaloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-14aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^aagroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^ddgroups;

each instance of R^bbis, independently, selected from hydrogen, —OH, —OR^aa, —N(R^cc)₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^aa, —C(═O)N(R^cc)₂, —CO₂R^aa, —SO₂R^aa, —C(═NR^cc)OR^aa, —C(═NR^cc)N(R^cc)₂, —SO₂N(R^cc)₂, —SO₂R^cc, —SO₂OR^cc, —SOR^aa, —C(═S)N(R^cc)₂, —C(═O)SR^cc, —C(═S)SR^cc, —P(═O)₂R^aa, —P(═O)(R^aa)₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^cc)₂, —P(═O)(NR^cc)₂, C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10perhaloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-14aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^bbgroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^ddgroups;

each instance of R^ccis, independently, selected from hydrogen, C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10perhaloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-14aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^ccgroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^ddgroups;

each instance of R^ddis, independently, selected from halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^ee, —ON(R^ff)₂, —N(R^ff)₂, —N(R^ff)₃⁺X⁻, —N(OR^ee)R^ff, —SH, —SR^ee, —SSR^ee, —C(═O)R^ee, —CO₂H, —CO₂R^ee, —OC(═O)R^ee, —OCO₂R^ee, —C(═O)N(R^ff)₂, —OC(═O)N(R^ff)₂, —NR^ffC(═O)R^ee, —NR^ffCO₂R^ee, —NR^ffC(═O)N(R^ff)₂, —C(═NR^ff)OR^ee, —OC(═NR^ff)R^ee, —OC(═NR^ff)OR^ee, —C(═NR^ff)N(R^ff)₂, —OC(═NR^ff)N(R^ff)₂, —NR^ffC(═NR^ff)N(R^ff)₂, —NR^ffSO₂R^ee, —SO₂N(R^ff)₂, —SO₂R^ee, —SO₂OR^ee, —OSO₂R^ee, —S(═O)R^ee, —Si(R^ee)₃, —OSi(R^ee)₃, —C(═S)N(R^ff)₂, —C(═O)SR^ee, —C(═S)SR^ee, —SC(═S)SR^ee, —P(═O)₂R^ee, —P(═O)(R^ee)₂, —OP(═O)(R^ee)₂, —OP(═O)(OR^ee)₂, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6perhaloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl, C_2-6alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-10aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^gggroups, or two geminal R^ddsubstituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S;

each instance of R^eeis, independently, selected from C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6perhaloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl, C₂— alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, C_6-10aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^gggroups; each instance of R^ffis, independently, selected from hydrogen, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6perhaloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl, C_2-6alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-10aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two R^ffgroups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^gggroups; and each instance of R^ggis, independently, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OC_1-6alkyl, —ON(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —N(C_1-6alkyl)₃⁺X⁻, —NH(C₁-alkyl)₂⁺X⁻, —NH₂(C_1-6alkyl)⁺X⁻, —NH₃⁺X⁻, —N(OC_1-6alkyl)(C_1-6alkyl), —N(OH)(C_1-6alkyl), —NH(OH), —SH, —SC_1-6alkyl, —SS(C_1-6alkyl), —C(═O)(C_1-6alkyl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C_1-6alkyl), —OC(═O)(C_1-6alkyl), —OCO₂(C_1-6alkyl), —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —OC(═O)NH(C_1-6alkyl), —NHC(═O)(C_1-6alkyl), —N(C_1-6alkyl)C(═O)(C_1-6alkyl), —NHCO₂(C_1-6alkyl), —NHC(═O)N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —NHC(═O)NH(C_1-6alkyl), —NHC(═O)NH₂, —C(═NH)O(C_1-6alkyl), —OC(═NH)(C_1-6alkyl), —OC(═NH)OC_1-6alkyl, —C(═NH)N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —C(═NH)NH(C_1-6alkyl), —C(═NH)NH₂, —OC(═NH)N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —OC(NH)NH(C_1-6alkyl), —OC(NH)NH₂, —NHC(NH)N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —NHC(═NH)NH₂, —NHSO₂(C_1-6alkyl), —SO₂N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —SO₂NH(C_1-6alkyl), —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂C_1-6alkyl, —SO₂OC_1-6alkyl, —OSO₂C_1-6alkyl, —SOC_1-6alkyl, —Si(C_1-6alkyl)₃, —OSi(C_1-6alkyl)₃-C(═S)N(C_1-6alkyl)₂, C(═S)NH(C_1-6alkyl), C(═S)NH₂, —C(═O)S(C_1-6alkyl), —C(═S)SC_1-6alkyl, —SC(═S)SC_1-6alkyl, —P(═O)₂(C_1-6alkyl), —P(═O)(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(C_1-6alkyl)₂, —OP(═O)(OC_1-6alkyl)₂, C_1-6alkyl, C_1-6perhaloalkyl, C_2-6alkenyl, C_2-6alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, C_6-10aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal R^ggsubstituents can be joined to form ═O or ═S; wherein X⁻ is a counterion.

A “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a cationic quaternary amino group in order to maintain electronic neutrality. Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻), NO₃⁻, ClO₄⁻, OH⁻, H₂PO₄⁻, HSO₄⁻, sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like), and carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, ethanoate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, and the like).

Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substitutents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, —OH, —OR^aa, —N(R^cc)₂, —CN, —C(═O)R^aa, —C(═O)N(R^cc)₂, —CO₂R^aa, —SO₂R^aa, —C(═NR^bb)R^aa, —C(═NR^cc)OR^aa, —C(═NR^cc)N(R^cc)₂, —SO₂N(R^cc)₂, —SO₂R^cc, —SO₂OR^cc, —SOR^aa, —C(═S)N(R^cc)₂, —C(═O)SR^cc, —C(═S)SR^cc, —P(═O)₂R^aa, —P(═O)(R^aa)₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^cc)₂, —P(═O)(NR^cc)₂, C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10perhaloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-14aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R^ccgroups attached to a nitrogen atom are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^ddgroups, and wherein R^aa, R^bb, R^ccand R^ddare as defined above.

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protecting group). Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —OH, —OR^aa, —N(R^cc)₂, —C(═O)R^aa, —C(═O)N(R^cc)₂, —CO₂R^aa, —SO₂R^aa, —C(═NR^cc)R^aa, —C(═NR^cc)OR^aa, —C(═NR^cc)N(R^cc)₂, —SO₂N(R^cc)₂, —SO₂R^cc, —SO₂OR^cc, —SOR^aa, —C(═S)N(R^cc)₂, —C(═O)SR^cc, —C(═S)SR^cc, C_1-10alkyl (e.g., aralkyl, heteroaralkyl), C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-14aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^ddgroups, and wherein R^aa, R^bb, R^ccand R^ddare as defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^rdedition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

For example, nitrogen protecting groups such as amide groups (e.g., —C(═O)R^aa) include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N′-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine derivative, o-nitrobenzamide and o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide.

Nitrogen protecting groups such as carbamate groups (e.g., —C(═O)OR^aa) include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC), 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc), 1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2′- and 4′-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz), p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, ²-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxyacylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p-(p′-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate.

Nitrogen protecting groups such as sulfonamide groups (e.g., —S(═O)₂R^aa) include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), (3-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide, 4-(4′,8′-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS), benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide.

Other nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivative, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N′-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM), N-3-acetoxypropylamine, N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine, N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr), N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr), N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF), N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N′-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine, N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine, N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine, N—(N′,N′-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N′-isopropylidenediamine, N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine, N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine, N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine, N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine, N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative, N-[phenyl(pentaacylchromium- or tungsten)acyl]amine, N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfenamide, and 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys).

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to as a hydroxyl protecting group). Oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R^aa, —N(R^bb)₂, —C(═O)SR^aa, —C(═O)R^aa, —CO₂R^aa, —C(═O)N(R^bb)₂, —C(═NR^bb)R^aa, —C(═NR^bb)OR^aa, —C(═NR^bb)N(R^bb)₂, —S(═O)R^aa, —SO₂R^aa, —Si(R^aa)₃, —P(R^cc)₂, —P(R^cc)₃, —P(═O)₂R^aa, —P(═O)(R^aa)₂, —P(═O)(OR^cc)₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^bb)₂, and —P(═O)(NR^bb)₂, wherein R^aa, R^bb, and R^ccare as defined herein. Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^rdedition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S,S-dioxide, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (CTMP), 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p,p′-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, α-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4′-bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(imidazol-1-yl)bis(4′,4″-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl, 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl, 1,3-benzodisulfuran-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido, trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS), dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS), t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate (levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), alkyl methyl carbonate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), alkyl ethyl carbonate, alkyl 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate (TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl carbonate (Psec), 2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), alkyl isobutyl carbonate, alkyl vinyl carbonate alkyl allyl carbonate, alkyl p-nitrophenyl carbonate, alkyl benzyl carbonate, alkyl p-methoxybenzyl carbonate, alkyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, alkyl o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, alkyl p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, alkyl S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-napththyl carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate, 2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl, 4-(methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate, 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate, o-(methoxyacyl)benzoate, α-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate, sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts).

In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a thiol protecting group). Sulfur protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —R^aa, —N(R^bb)₂, —C(═O)SR^aa, —C(═O)R^aa, —CO₂R^aa, —C(═O)N(R^bb)₂, —C(═NR^bb)R^aa, —C(═NR^bb)OR^aa, —C(═NR^bb)N(R^bb)₂, —S(═O)R^aa, —SO₂R^aa, —Si(R^aa)₃, —P(R^cc)₂, —P(R^cc)₃, —P(═O)₂R^aa, —P(═O)(R^aa)₂, —P(═O)(OR^cc)₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^bb)₂, and —P(═O)(NR^bb)₂, wherein R^aa, R^bb, and R^ccare as defined herein. Sulfur protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^rdedition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

“Compounds of the present invention”, and equivalent expressions, are meant to embrace the compounds as described herein, in particular compounds according to any of Formulae recited and/or described herein, which expression includes the prodrugs, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and the solvates, e.g., hydrates, where the context so permits. Similarly, reference to intermediates, whether or not they themselves are claimed, is meant to embrace their salts, and solvates, where the context so permits.

These and other exemplary substituents are described in more detail in the Detailed Description, Examples, and claims. The invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the above exemplary listing of substituents.

Other Definitions

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved or approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or the corresponding agency in countries other than the United States, or that is listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly, in humans.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. In particular, such salts are non-toxic may be inorganic or organic acid addition salts and base addition salts. Specifically, such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and the like. Salts further include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non-toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable cation” refers to an acceptable cationic counter-ion of an acidic functional group. Such cations are exemplified by sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium cations, and the like. See, e.g., Berge, et al., J. Pharm. Sci. (1977) 66(1): 1-79.

“Solvate” refers to forms of the compound that are associated with a solvent or water (also referred to as “hydrate”), usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding. Conventional solvents include water, ethanol, acetic acid, and the like. The compounds of the invention may be prepared e.g. in crystalline form and may be solvated or hydrated. Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates. Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates and methanolates.

A “subject” to which administration is contemplated includes, but is not limited to, humans (i.e., a male or female of any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g, infant, child, adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult or senior adult)) and/or a non-human animal, e.g., a mammal such as primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys), cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, rodents, cats, and/or dogs. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal. The terms “human,” “patient,” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein.

“Condition,” “disease,” and “disorder” are used interchangeably herein.

An “effective amount” means the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating or preventing a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment or prevention. The “effective amount” can vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity, and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated. A “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the effective amount for therapeutic treatment. A “prophylatically effective amount” refers to the effective amount for prophylactic treatment.

“Preventing” or “prevention” or “prophylactic treatment” refers to a reduction in risk of acquiring or developing a disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a subject not yet exposed to a disease-causing agent, or predisposed to the disease in advance of disease onset). The term “prophylaxis” is related to “prevention,” and refers to a measure or procedure the purpose of which is to prevent, rather than to treat or cure a disease.

“Treating” or “treatment” or “therapeutic treatment” of any disease or disorder refers to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., arresting the disease or reducing the manifestation, extent or severity of at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof). In another embodiment “treating” or “treatment” refers to ameliorating at least one physical parameter, which may not be discernible by the subject. In yet another embodiment, “treating” or “treatment” refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter), or both. In a further embodiment, “treating” or “treatment” relates to slowing the progression of the disease.

As used herein, the term “isotopic variant” refers to a compound that contains unnatural proportions of isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compound. For example, an “isotopic variant” of a compound can contain one or more non-radioactive isotopes, such as for example, deuterium (²H or D), carbon-13 (¹³C), nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N), or the like. It will be understood that, in a compound where such isotopic substitution is made, the following atoms, where present, may vary, so that for example, any hydrogen may be ²H/D, any carbon may be ¹³C, or any nitrogen may be 15N, and that the presence and placement of such atoms may be determined within the skill of the art. Likewise, the invention may include the preparation of isotopic variants with radioisotopes, in the instance for example, where the resulting compounds may be used for drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e., ³H, and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection. Further, compounds may be prepared that are substituted with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O, and ¹³N, and would be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy. All isotopic variants of the compounds provided herein, radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention.

“Stereoisomers”: It is also to be understood that compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers.” Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.” Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers.” When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or (−)-isomers respectively). A chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.

“Tautomers” refer to compounds that are interchangeable forms of a particular compound structure, and that vary in the displacement of hydrogen atoms and electrons. Thus, two structures may be in equilibrium through the movement of it electrons and an atom (usually H). For example, enols and ketones are tautomers because they are rapidly interconverted by treatment with either acid or base. Another example of tautomerism is the aci- and nitro-forms of phenylnitromethane, that are likewise formed by treatment with acid or base. Tautomeric forms may be relevant to the attainment of the optimal chemical reactivity and biological activity of a compound of interest.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable metabolically cleavable group” refers to a group which is cleaved in vivo to yield the parent molecule of the structural Formula indicated herein. Examples of metabolically cleavable groups include —COR, —COOR, —CONRR and —CH₂OR radicals, where R is selected independently at each occurrence from alkyl, trialkylsilyl, carbocyclic aryl or carbocyclic aryl substituted with one or more of alkyl, halogen, hydroxy or alkoxy. Specific examples of representative metabolically cleavable groups include acetyl, methoxycarbonyl, benzoyl, methoxymethyl and trimethylsilyl groups.

“Prodrugs” refers to compounds, including derivatives of the compounds of the invention, which have cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention which are pharmaceutically active in vivo. Such examples include, but are not limited to, choline ester derivatives and the like, N-alkylmorpholine esters and the like. Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but in the acid sensitive form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well know to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acid with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a substituted or unsubstituted amine, or acid anhydrides, or mixed anhydrides. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters, amides and anhydrides derived from acidic groups pendant on the compounds of this invention are particular prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy)alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkylesters. Particularly the C₁to C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₈alkynyl, aryl, C₇-C₁₂substituted aryl, and C₇-C₁₂arylalkyl esters of the compounds of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

As described herein, the present invention is based, in part, on the desire to provide novel 19-nor compounds with good potency, pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, oral bioavailability, formulatability, stability, safety, clearance and/or metabolism. One key feature of the compounds as described herein is disubstitution at the C3 position. The inventors envision disubstitution at C-3 will eliminate the potential for oxidation to the ketone, prevent further metabolism, and reduce the potential for secondary elimination pathways, such as glucuronidation. The inventors further envision the overall effect of C3 disubstitution should be of improving the overall PK parameters and reducing potential toxicities and side effects, which may allow, in certain embodiments, administration orally and/or chronically. Another key feature of the compounds as described herein is the presence of a hydrogen at the C10 position (“19-nor”) rather than a methyl group. The inventors envision 19-nor compounds, as compared to their C10-methyl counterparts, will have improved physical properties, such as improved solubility. The inventors envision futher enhancement of solubility, for example, when the AB ring system is in the cis configuration.

Thus, in one aspect, provided is a 3,3-disubstituted 19-nor pregnane compound of Formula (I):

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof;

wherein:

R²is hydrogen, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OH, —OR^B1, —OC(═O)R^B1, —NH₂, —N(R^B1)₂, or —NR^B1C(═O)R^B1, wherein each instance of R^B1is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or two R^B1groups are joined to form an substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring;

R⁴is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;

each of R^6aand R^6bis independently hydrogen, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo (═O) group;

each of R^11aand R^11bis independently hydrogen, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, —OH, —OR^D1,—OC(═O)R^D1, —NH₂, —N(R^D1)₂, or —NR^D1C(═O)R^D1, wherein each instance of R^D1is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or two R^D1groups are joined to form an substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; or R^11aand R^11bare joined to form an oxo (═O) group;

wherein [Image Omitted] represents a single or double bond, provided if a double bond is present in Ring B, then one of R^6aor R^6bis absent, and provided if a single bond is present in Ring B, then the hydrogen at C5 is in the alpha or beta position;

provided that the following compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are specifically excluded:

[Image Omitted]

In another aspect, provided is a 3,3-disubstituted 19-nor pregnane compound of Formula (III):

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof; wherein R¹, R², R³, R^3′, R⁴, R^6a, R^6b, R^11a, and R^11bare as defined herein.

In certain embodiments, the compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, e.g., a sodium, potassium, ammonium, or calcium salt. In certain embodiments, the compound is a sodium salt. In certain embodiments, the compound is an acid addition salt, e.g., hydrochloride, hydrobromide, benzoate, mesylate, or besylate salt.

Compounds of Formula (I) and (III) are contemplated, in certain embodiments, to act as GABA modulators.

Group R¹

As generally described herein, R¹is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OR^A1, —SR^A1, —N(R^A1)₂, —OC(═O)R^A1, —OC(═O)OR^A1, —OC(═O)SR^A1, —OC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —SC(═O)R^A2, SC(═O)OR^A1, —SC(═O)SR^A1, —SC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —NHC(═O)R^A1, —NHC(═O)OR^A1, —NHC(═O)SR^A1, —NHC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —OS(═O)₂R^A2, —OS(═O)₂OR^A1, —S—S(═O)₂R^A2, —S—S(═O)₂OR^A1, —S(═O)R^A2, —SO₂R^A2, or —S(═O)₂OR^A1, wherein each instance of R^A1is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or two R^A1groups are joined to form an substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; and R^A2is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R¹is halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo. In certain embodiments, R¹is bromo.

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, C_2-6alkyl, C_3-6alkyl, C_4-6alkyl, C_5-6alkyl, C₁alkyl, C₂alkyl, C₃alkyl, C₄alkyl, C₅alkyl, or C₆alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹is a substituted alkyl (e.g., haloalkyl, alkyoxyalkyl).

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_2-6alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-6alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₄alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₅alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₆alkenyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_2-6alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-6alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₄alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₅alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₆alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6cycloalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted 3-membered heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4-membered heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heterocyclyl, e.g., pyrolidinyl. In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered heterocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperizinyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, with 1 heteroatom. In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, with 2 heteroatoms. In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, with 3 heteroatoms. In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted 5-membered heteroaryl, with 4 heteroatoms. In certain embodiments, R¹is heteroaryl substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkylnyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amino, acyl, acylamino, oxo, cyano, aryl, heteroaryl, —SO-alkyl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl. However, in certain embodiments, R¹is an unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, quinolonyl, isoquinolonyl, dihydroquinolonyl, and dihydroisoquinolonyl. In certain embodiments, R¹is imidazolyl. In certain embodiments, R¹is pyrazolyl. In certain embodiments, R¹is 1,2,3-triazolyl. In certain embodiments, R¹is 1,2,4-triazolyl. In certain embodiments, R¹is tetrazolyl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, or tetrazolyl; each unsubstituted or substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of —SMe, —SOMe, —SO₂Me, —CH₃, F, Cl, —CN, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, and —CF₃. In certain embodiments, R¹is imidazol-1-yl, 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, or 1,2,3-triazol-2-yl, each unsubstituted or substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of —SMe, —SOMe, —SO₂Me, —CH₃, F, Cl, —CN, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, and —CF₃.

In certain embodiments, R¹is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, or tetrazolyl; each unsubstituted or substituted with oxo.

In certain embodiments, R¹is quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, or purinyl; each unsubstituted or substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of —SMe, —SOMe, —SO₂Me, —CH₃, F, Cl, —CN, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, and —CF₃.

In certain embodiments, R¹is quinolonyl, or isoquinolonyl; each unsubstituted or substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of —SMe, —SOMe, —SO₂Me, —CH₃, F, Cl, —CN, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, and —CF₃.

In certain embodiments, R¹is dihydroquinolonyl or dihydroisoquinolonyl; each unsubstituted or substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of —SMe, —SOMe, —SO₂Me, —CH₃, F, Cl, —CN, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, and —CF₃.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —OR^A1, e.g., R¹is —OH or —O-(heteroaryl).

In certain embodiments, R¹is —SR^A1, e.g., R¹is —SH or —S-(heteroaryl).

In certain embodiments, R¹is —OC(═O)R^A1, e.g., —O—C(═O)CH₂—CH₂—CO₂H.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —OC(═O)OR^A1.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —OC(═O)SR^A1.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —OC(═O)N(R^A1)₂.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —SC(═O)R^A2.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —SC(═O)OR^A1.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —SC(═O)SR^A1.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —SC(═O)N(R^A1)₂.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —OS(═O)₂R^A2.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —OS(═O)₂R^A1, e.g., —O—SO₃H.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —S—S(═O)₂R^A2.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —S—S(═O)₂R^A1, e.g., —S—SO₃H.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —S(═O)R^A2.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —SO₂R^A2.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —S(═O)₂OR^A1, e.g., —SO₃H.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —N(R^A1)₂, —NHC(═O)R^A1, —NHC(═O)OR^A1, —NHC(═O)SR^A1, —NHC(═O)N(R^A1)₂. In certain embodiments, R¹is —N(R^A1)₂. In certain embodiments, R¹is —NHC(═O)R^A1. In certain embodiments, R¹is —NHC(═O)OR^A1. In certain embodiments, R¹is —NHC(═O)SR^A1. In certain embodiments, R¹is —NHC(═O)N(R^A1)₂.

In certain embodiments, R¹is selected from —OH, —O—CO—CH₂—CH₂—CO₂H, —O—SO₃H, —SH, —S—SO₃H, heteroaryl, —O-(heteroaryl), and —S-(heteroaryl), wherein heteroaryl is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or purinyl; and each heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, —CH₃, F, Cl, —CN, —SMe, —SOMe, —SO₂Me, and —CF₃. In certain embodiments, R¹is —O-quinolinyl, —O-isoquinolinyl, —O-purinyl, —S-quinolinyl, —S-isoquinolinyl, or —S-purinyl; each unsubstituted or substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, F, Cl, —CN, —SMe, —SOMe, —SO₂Me, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, and —CF₃.

In certain embodiments, R¹is —OH, —O—CH₂—CH₂—CO₂H, —SO₃H, —OSO₃H, —SSO₃H, pyrazol-1-yl, imidazol-1-yl, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, or 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl. In certain embodiments, R¹is —OH. In certain embodiments, R¹is —O—CH₂—CH₂—CO₂H. In certain embodiments, R¹is —SO₃H. In certain embodiments, R¹is —OSO₃H. In certain embodiments, R¹is —SSO₃H. In certain embodiments, R¹is pyrazol-1-yl. In certain embodiments, R¹is imidazol-1-yl. In certain embodiments, R¹is 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl. In certain embodiments, R¹is 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl.

In certain embodiments, R¹is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted thioalkoxy (—S— alkyl), —OH, —O—CO—(CH₂)_t—CO₂H, —SO₃H, —O—SO₃H, —SH, —S—SO₃H, or substituted or unsubstituted —Y-(heteroaryl); wherein Y is a bond, —O—, —S—, C₁-C₄alkylene, C₂-C₄alkenylene, or C₂-C₄alkynylene; and the subscript t is an integer between 2 and 5, inclusive.

In certain embodiments, R¹is Br, —OH, —OMe, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, —O—CO—CH₂—CH₂—CO₂H, —SO₃H, —O—SO₃H, —S—SO₃H, O—P(═O)(OH)₂, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, or triazolyl; each R², R^3′, R⁴, R^11a, and R^11bis H; and each of the dotted bonds is a single bond; then R³is not Et, —CF₃, ethynyl, 4-hydroxypropynyl, or (4-acyl)-phenylethynyl.

In any of the above embodiments, at least one R^A1is heteroaryl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —SO₂H, —SO₃H, —OH, —OR^aa, —ON(R^bb)₂, —N(R^bb)₂, —N(R^bb)₃⁺X⁻, —N(OR^cc)R^bb, —SH, —SR^aa, —SSR^cc, —C(═O)R^aa, —CO₂H, —CHO, —C(OR^cc)₂, —CO₂R^aa, —OC(═O)R^aa, —OCO₂R^aa, —C(═O)N(R^bb)₂, —OC(═O)N(R^bb)₂, —NR^bbC(═O)R^aa, —NR^bbCO₂R^aa, —NR^bbC(═O)N(R^bb)₂, —C(═NR^bb)R^aa, —C(═NR^bb)OR^aa, —OC(═NR^bb)R^aa, —OC(═NR^bb)OR^aa, —C(═NR^bb)N(R^bb)₂, —OC(═NR^bb)N(R^bb)₂, —NR^bbC(═NR^bb)N(R^bb)₂, —C(═O)NR^bbSO₂R^aa, —NR^bbSO₂R^aa, —SO₂N(R^bb)₂, —SO₂R^aa, —SO₂OR^aa, —OSO₂R^aa, —S(═O)R^aa, —OS(═O)R^aa, —Si(R^aa)₃, —OSi(R^aa)₃—C(═S)N(R^bb)₂, —C(═O)SR, —C(═S)SR^aa, —SC(═S)SR^aa, —SC(═O)SR^aa, —OC(═O)SR^aa, —SC(═O)OR^aa, —SC(═O)R^aa, —P(═O)₂R^aa, —OP(═O)₂R^aa, —P(═O)(R^aa)₂, —OP(═O)(R^aa)₂, —OP(═O)(OR^cc)₂, —P(═O)₂N(R^bb)₂, —OP(═O)₂N(R^bb)₂, —P(═O)(NR^bb)₂, —OP(═O)(NR^bb)₂, —NR^bbP(═O)(OR^cc)₂, —NR^bbP(═O)(NR^bb)₂, —P(R^cc)₂, —P(R^cc)₃, —OP(R^cc)₂, —OP(R^cc)₃, —B(R^aa)₂, —B(OR^cc)₂, —BR^aa(OR^cc), C_1-10alkyl, C_1-10perhaloalkyl, C_2-10alkenyl, C_2-10alkynyl, C_3-10carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C_6-14aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^ddgroups; or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group ═O, ═S, ═NN(R^bb)₂, ═NNR^bbC(═O)R^aa, ═NNR^bbC(═O)OR^aa, ═NNR^bbS(═O)₂R^aa, ═NR^bb, or ═NOR^cc; and R^aa, R^bb, R_cc, R^dd, R^ee, and R^ff, are as described herein.

In any of the above embodiments, at least one R^A1is heteroaryl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkylnyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, amino, acyl, acylamino, oxo, cyano, aryl, heteroaryl, —SO-alkyl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, and —SO₂-heteroaryl.

In any of the above embodiments, at least one R^A1is heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazoyl, thiazolyl, isoxazoyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxilinyl, naphthyridinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazloyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, pyridopyrimidinyl, and purinyl.

In any of the above embodiments, at least one R^A1is heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazoyl, thiazolyl, isoxazoyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxilinyl, naphthyridinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazloyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, pyridopyrimidinyl, and purinyl, each substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, hydoxy, halo, alkoxy, —S-alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —SO— alkyl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, amino, cyano, and acyl.

Group R²

As generally defined above, R²is hydrogen, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, —OH, —OR^B1, —OC(═O)R^B1, —NH₂, —N(R^B1)₂, or —NR^B1C(═O)R^B1, wherein each instance of R^B1is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or two R^B1groups are joined to form an substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

In certain embodiments, R²is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R²is halo, e.g., —F, —Br, —I, or —Cl. In certain embodiments, R²is —F. In certain embodiments, R²is —Cl. In certain embodiments, R²is —Br.

In certain embodiments, R²is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl. Exemplary R²C_1-6alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C₂), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted iso-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted n-pentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-pentanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted amyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted neopentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted tertiary amyl (C₅), or substituted or unsubstituted n-hexyl (C₆). Exemplary substituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl substituted with halogen groups (“haloalkyl”) and alkyl substituted with alkoxy groups (“alkoxyalkyl”). Exemplary haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CF₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, —CH₂Cl, and —CHCl₂. Exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CH₂OCH₃and —CH₂OCH₂CH₃.

In certain embodiments, R²is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_2-6alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkenyl. Exemplary substituted alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkenyl substituted with halogen groups (“haloalkenyl”) and alkenyl substituted with alkoxy groups (“alkoxyalkenyl”).

In certain embodiments, R²is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_2-6alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkynyl. Exemplary substituted alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkynyl substituted with halogen groups (“haloalkynyl”) and alkynyl substituted with alkoxy groups (“alkoxyalkynyl”).

In certain embodiments, R²is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6carbocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, R²is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6heterocyclyl. For example, in certain embodiments, R²is a substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl ring. In certain embodiments, R²is a substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R²is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, R²is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, e.g., optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R²is —OH, —OR^B1, or —OC(═O)R^B1. In certain embodiments, R^B1is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl. Exemplary R^B1C_1-6alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C₂), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted iso-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted n-pentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-pentanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted amyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted neopentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted tertiary amyl (C₅), or substituted or unsubstituted n-hexyl (C₆).

In certain embodiments, R²is —NH₂, —N(R^B1)₂, or —NR^B1C(═O)R^B1. In certain embodiments, R^B1is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl. Exemplary R^B1C_1-6alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆).

In certain embodiments, R²is halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, —OR^B1, or —OC(═O)R^B1. In certain embodiments, R²is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, —OH, —OR^B1, —OC(═O)R^B1, —NH₂, —N(R^B1)₂, or —NR^B1C(═O)R^B1.

In certain embodiments, R²is substituted alkyl (e.g., haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl).

In certain embodiments, R²is —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, ethynyl, hydroxybutynyl, methoxypropynyl, chloroethynyl, or cyclopropynyl.

In certain embodiments, R²is a non-hydrogen group in the alpha position. In certain embodiments, R²is a non-hydrogen group in the beta position.

Group R³

As generally defined above, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl. Exemplary R³C_1-6alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), n-hexyl (C₆), C_1-6alkyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more fluoro groups (e.g., —CF₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, difluoroethyl, and 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl), C_1-6alkyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more chloro groups (e.g., —CH₂Cl, —CHCl₂), and C_1-6alkyl substituted with alkoxy groups (e.g., —CH₂OCH₃and —CH₂OCH₂CH₃). In certain embodiments, R³is substituted alkyl, e.g., R³is haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl. In certain embodiments, R³is Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, or ethoxymethyl. In certain embodiments, R^3ais Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu, or i-Bu. In certain embodiments, R³is methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, propoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, or ethoxyethyl. In certain embodiments, R³is trifluoromethoxymethyl. In certain embodiments, R³is fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, trifluoroethyl, or 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl. In certain embodiments, R³is trifluoromethyl.

In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_2-6alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethenyl (C₂), propenyl (C₃), or butenyl (C₄), unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethenyl, propenyl, or butenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or hydroxy. In certain embodiments, R³is ethenyl.

In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_2-6alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkynyl. Exemplary substituted or unsubstituted R³alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, or butynyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, halo, haloalkyl (e.g., CF₃), alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl), or hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, R³is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroethynyl, cyclopropylethynyl, cyclobutylethynyl, and propynyl, fluoropropynyl, and chloroethynyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl (C₂), propynyl (C₃), or butynyl (C₄), unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl (C₂), propynyl (C₃), or butynyl (C₄) substituted with substituted phenyl. In certain embodiment, the phenyl substitutent is further substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, trifluoroalkyl, alkoxy, acyl, amino or amido. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl (C₂), propynyl (C₃), or butynyl (C₄) substituted with substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazoyl, thiazolyl, isoxazoyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, or tetrazolyl.

In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl, propynyl, or butynyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, R^3ais ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with phenyl unsubstituted or substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, or acyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazoyl, thiazolyl, isoxazoyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R^3ais ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or mopholinyl. In certain embodiments, R³is propynyl or butynyl, substituted with hydroxyl or alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R³is propynyl or butynyl, substituted with methoxy or ethoxy. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with Cl. In certain embodiments, R³is ethynyl or propynyl, substituted with trifluoromethyl.

In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6carbocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3-4 membered heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4-5 membered heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5-6 membered heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, e.g., optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.

Further embodiments of R³, as a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, and substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl groups, are depicted below:

[Image Omitted]

wherein each instance of R^3ais hydrogen, halo, or —OR^F1, wherein R^F1is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; and each instance of R^3band R^3cis independently hydrogen, halo, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one R^3ais hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least two R^3cis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each R^3ais hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R^3ais halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo). In certain embodiments, at least two R^3aare halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo). In certain embodiments, each R^3ais halogen (e.g., fluoro, to provide the group —CF₃). In certain embodiments, at least one R^3ais —OR^F1(e.g., OMe or OEt). In certain embodiments, at least two R^3ais —OR^F1(e.g., OMe or OEt). In certain embodiments, at least one R^3ais hydrogen, F, —OMe, or —OEt. In certain embodiments, one of R^3ais a non-hydrogen group (e.g., —F, —OMe, or OEt); and the rest are H, such as provided in the below formula:

[Image Omitted]

In certain embodiments, R^3bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^3bis halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo). In certain embodiments, R^3bis alkyl, e.g., —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂CH₂Cl. In certain embodiments, R^3bis substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, R^3bis hydrogen, —F, —Br, —Cl, —I, —CH₃, —CF₃, cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, R^3bis substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^3bis hydrogen, —F, —Br, —Cl, —I, —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂CH₂Cl, cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, R^3bis Me or Cl. In certain embodiments, R^3bis substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one R^3cis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each R^3cis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R^3cis halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo). In certain embodiments, each R^3cis halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo). In certain embodiments, each of R^3cis alkyl, e.g., each of R^2cis Me. In certain embodiments, one of R^3cis alkyl; and the other is hydrogen, e.g., one of R^3cis Me; and the other is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^3cis substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl, and the other is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R^3cis hydrogen, —F, —Br, —Cl, —I, —CH₃, —CF₃, cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R^3cis H. In certain embodiments, each instance of R^3cis halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo). In certain embodiments, each instance of R^3cis alkyl, e.g., —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂CH₂Cl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R^3cis substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, R^3cis substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, each instance of R^3cis hydrogen, —F, —Br, —Cl, —I, —CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂CH₂Cl, cyclopropyl, or cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, R^3cis Me or Cl. In certain embodiments, R^3cis substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

Group R^3′

As generally defined above, R^3′is H, —C(═O)R^C1, —C(═O)OR^C1, —C(═O)SR^C1, —C(═O)N(R^C1)₂, —S(═O)₂R^C2, —S(═O)₂OR^C1, —P(═O)₂R^C2, —P(═O)₂OR^C1, —P(═O)(OR^C1)₂, —P(═O)(R^C2)₂, or —P(═O)(R^C2)(OR^C1), wherein R^C1is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or two R^C1groups are joined to form an substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; and R^C2is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R^3′is H (hydrogen).

In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)R^C1, —C(═O)OR^C1, —C(═O)SR^C1, —C(═O)N(R^C1)₂, —S(═O)₂R^C1, —S(═O)₂OR^C1, —P(═O)₂R^C1, —P(═O)₂OR^C1, —P(═O)(OR^C1)₂, —P(═O)(R^C1)₂, or —P(═O)(R^C1)(OR^C1).

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is hydrogen or a protecting group, i.e., an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, sulfur protecting group when attached to an sulfur atom, or a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl. Exemplary R^C1C_1-6alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), n-hexyl (C₆), C_1-6alkyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more fluoro groups (e.g., —CF₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, difluoroethyl, and 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl), C_1-6alkyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more chloro groups (e.g., —CH₂Cl, —CHCl₂), and C_1-6alkyl substituted with alkoxy groups (e.g., —CH₂OCH₃and —CH₂OCH₂CH₃).

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C₂-alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkenyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C₂-alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6carbocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted 3-6 membered heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3-4 membered heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4-5 membered heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5-6 membered heterocyclyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R^C1is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, e.g., optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, two R^C1groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, e.g., a substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)R^C1, —C(═O)OR^C1, —C(═O)N(R^C1)₂or —C(═O)N(OR^C1)(R^C1), wherein R^C1is as defined herein.

In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)R^C1, e.g., for example, wherein R^C1is, for example, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆). In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)CH₃. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)(CH₂)_mCO₂H, wherein m is an integer between 2 and 5, inclusive. In certain embodiments, m is 2. In certain embodiments, m is 3. In certain embodiments, m is 4. In certain embodiments, m is 5. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)CH₂CH₂C(═O)OH.

In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)OR^C1, e.g., for example, wherein R^C1is, for example, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆).

In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)SR^C1, e.g., for example, wherein R^C1is, for example, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆).

In certain embodiments, R^3′is —C(═O)N(R^C1)₂, e.g., —C(═O)NH₂or —C(═O)NHR^C1, wherein R^C1is, for example, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆), or R^3′is —C(═O)N(R^C1)₂wherein the two R^C1groups are joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl ring.

In certain embodiments, R^3′is —S(═O)₂R^C1or —S(═O)₂OR^C1, wherein R^C1is, for example, hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆), or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —S(═O)₂R^C1. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —S(═O)₂OR^C1, e.g., —SO₃H.

In certain embodiments, R^3′is —P(═O)₂R¹, —P(═O)₂OR^C1, —P(═O)(OR^C1)₂, —P(═O)(R^C1)₂, or —P(═O)(R^C1)(OR^C1), wherein each R^C1is, for example, independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), isopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 3-pentanyl (C₅), amyl (C₅), neopentyl (C₅), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), tertiary amyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆), or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —P(═O)₂R¹. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —P(═O)₂OR^C1. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —P(═O)(OR^C1)₂. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —P(═O)(R^C1)₂. In certain embodiments, R^3′is —P(═O)(R^C1)(OR^C1).

Groups R⁴, R^6a, R^6b, R^11aand R^11b

As generally defined above, R⁴is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴is H, —CH₃, or ethynyl.

In certain embodiments, R⁴is H.

As generally defined above, each of R^6aand R^6bis independently hydrogen, halo (e.g., fluoro), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo (═O) group, and [Image Omitted] represents a single or double bond, provided if a double bond is present in Ring B, then one of R^6aor R^6bis absent, and provided if a single bond is present in Ring B, then the hydrogen at C5 is in the alpha or beta position.

As generally defined above, wherein [Image Omitted] independently represents a single or double bond, provided if a double bond is present in Ring B, then one of R^6aor R^6bis absent, and provided if a single bond is present in Ring B, then the hydrogen at C5 is in the alpha or beta position. In certain embodiments, the dashed line between C5 and C6 represents a single bond, and the hydrogen at the 5-position is in the 5α-conformation. In certain embodiments, the dashed line [Image Omitted] between C5 and C6 represents a single bond, and the hydrogen at the 5-position is in the 5β-conformation. In certain embodiments, the dashed line between C5 and C6 represents a double bond.

In certain embodiments, wherein [Image Omitted] represents a single bond, both R^6aand R^6bare hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, wherein [Image Omitted] represents a single bond, and one of R^6aand R^6bis a non-hydrogen group, R^6ais alpha (down) and R^6bis beta (up). In certain embodiments, R^6bis alpha (down) and R^6ais beta (up).

In certain embodiments, wherein [Image Omitted] represents a single bond, R^6ais hydrogen, and R^6bis halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^6ais hydrogen, and R^6bis halo (e.g., fluoro). In certain embodiments, R^6ais hydrogen, and R^6bis substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^6ais hydrogen, and R^6bis substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R^6ais hydrogen, and R^6bis substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, wherein [Image Omitted] represents a single bond, R^6bis hydrogen, and R^6ais halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^6bis hydrogen, and R^6ais halo (e.g., fluoro). In certain embodiments, R^6bis hydrogen, and R^6ais substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In certain embodiments, R^6bis hydrogen, and R^6ais substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R^6bis hydrogen, and R^6ais substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments, wherein [Image Omitted] represents a single bond, R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo (═O) group.

In certain embodiments, wherein [Image Omitted] represents a double bond, R^6ais hydrogen. In certain embodiments, wherein represents a double bond, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro. In certain embodiments, wherein represents a double bond, R^6ais substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In certain embodiments, wherein [Image Omitted] represents a double bond, R^6ais substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, wherein represents a double bond, R^6ais substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.

As generally defined above, each of R^11aand R^11bis independently hydrogen, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, —OH, —OR^D1, —OC(═O)R^D1, —NH₂, —N(R^D1)₂, or —NR^D1C(═O)R^D1, wherein each instance of R^D1is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, or two R^D1groups are joined to form an substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring; or R^11aand R^11bare joined to form an oxo (═O) group.

In certain embodiments, R^11ais alpha (down) and R^11bis beta (up). In certain embodiments, R^11bis alpha (down) and R^11ais beta (up).

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11′and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each of R^11aand R^11bis H.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis halo, e.g., —F, —Br, —I, or —Cl. In certain embodiments, R¹is halo and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis halo and R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl. Exemplary R^11aC_1-6alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C₂), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted iso-propyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted iso-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted n-pentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-pentanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted amyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted neopentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted tertiary amyl (C₅), or substituted or unsubstituted n-hexyl (C₆). Exemplary substituted alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl substituted with halogen groups (“haloalkyl”) and alkyl substituted with alkoxy groups (“alkoxyalkyl”). Exemplary haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CF₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl, —CH₂Cl, and —CHCl₂. Exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, —CH₂OCH₃and —CH₂OCH₂CH₃. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis substituted alkyl (e.g., haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl). In certain embodiments, R^11ais alkyl and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis alkyl and R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_2-6alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkenyl. Exemplary substituted alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkenyl substituted with halogen groups (“haloalkenyl”) and alkenyl substituted with alkoxy groups (“alkoxyalkenyl”). In certain embodiments, R^11ais alkenyl and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis alkenyl and R¹¹is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_2-6alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkynyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkynyl. Exemplary substituted alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkynyl substituted with halogen groups (“haloalkynyl”) and alkynyl substituted with alkoxy groups (“alkoxyalkynyl”). In certain embodiments, R^11ais alkynyl and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis alkynyl and R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R^11ais carbocyclyl and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis carbocyclyl and R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_3-6heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6heterocyclyl. For example, in certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis a substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl ring. In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis a substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl ring. In certain embodiments, R^11ais heterocyclyl and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis heterocyclyl and R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R^11ais aryl and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis aryl and R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, e.g., optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R^11ais heteroaryl and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis heteroaryl and R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis —OH, —OR^D1, or —OC(═O)R^D1. In certain embodiments, R^D1is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl. Exemplary R^D1C_1-6alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C₂), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted iso-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted n-pentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-pentanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted amyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted neopentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted tertiary amyl (C₅), or substituted or unsubstituted n-hexyl (C₆). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis —OH. In certain embodiments, R^11ais —OH, —OR^D1, or —OC(═O)R^D1and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis —OH, —OR^D1, or —OC(═O)R^D1and R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis —NH₂, —N(R^D1)₂, or —NR^D1C(═O)R^D1. In certain embodiments, R^D1is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, e.g., substituted or unsubstituted C_1-6alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_1-2alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_2-3alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_3-4alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C_4-5alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C_5-6alkyl. Exemplary R^D1C_1-6alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted methyl (C₁), substituted or unsubstituted ethyl (C₂), substituted or unsubstituted n-propyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted isopropyl (C₃), substituted or unsubstituted n-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted tert-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted sec-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted iso-butyl (C₄), substituted or unsubstituted n-pentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-pentanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted amyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted neopentyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted 3-methyl-2-butanyl (C₅), substituted or unsubstituted tertiary amyl (C₅), or substituted or unsubstituted n-hexyl (C₆). In certain embodiments, at least one of R^11aand R^11bis —N(R^D1)₂, e.g., —NH₂, —N(CH₃)₂. In certain embodiments, R^11ais —NH₂, —N(R^D1)₂, or —NR^D1C(═O)R^D1and R^11bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^11bis —NH₂, —N(R^D1)₂, or —NR^D1C(═O)R^Dland R^11ais hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R^11aand R^11bare joined to form an oxo (═O) group. Additional embodiments of Formula (I) and (III)

Various combinations of the above embodiments are futher contemplated herein. For example, in certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-a1), (I-a2), or (I-a3):

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, halogen (e.g., bromine), —OR^A1(e.g., —OH), —N(R^A1)₂, —S—S(═O)₂R^A2, substituted or unsubstituted hetercyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, bromine, or —OH. In certain embodiments, R²is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, —OH, —OR^B1, —OC(═O)R^B1, —NH₂, —N(R^B1)₂, or —NR^B1C(═O)R^B1. In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^3′ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R⁴is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, both R^6aand R^6bare hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^6aand R^6bis a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen alpha group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen beta group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl, and R^6bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both halo, e.g., fluoro. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both alkyl, e.g., methyl. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo group. In certain embodiments, both R^11aand R^11bare hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^11aand R^11bis a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^11aand R^11bare joined to form an oxo group.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (III) is of Formula (III-a1), (III-a2), or (III-a3):

[Image Omitted]

In certain embodiments, wherein R²and R⁴are hydrogen, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-b1), (I-b2), or (I-b3):

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, halogen (e.g., bromine), —OR^A1(e.g., —OH), —N(R^A1)₂, —S—S(═O)₂R^A2, substituted or unsubstituted hetercyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, bromine, or —OH. In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^3′is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, both R^6aand R^6bare hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^6aand R^6bis a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen alpha group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen beta group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl, and R^6bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both halo, e.g., fluoro. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both alkyl, e.g., methyl. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo group. In certain embodiments, both R^11aand R^11bare hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^11aand R^11bis a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^11aand R^11bare joined to form an oxo group.

In certain embodiments, wherein R²and R⁴are hydrogen, the compound of Formula (III) is of Formula (III-b1), (III-b2), or (III-b3):

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, halogen (e.g., bromine), —OR^A1(e.g., —OH), —N(R^A1)₂, —S—S(═O)₂R^A2, substituted or unsubstituted hetercyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, bromine, or —OH. In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^3′is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, both R^6aand R^6bare hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^6aand R^6bis a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen alpha group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen beta group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl, and R^6bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both halo, e.g., fluoro. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both alkyl, e.g., methyl. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo group. In certain embodiments, both R^11aand R^11bare hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^11aand R^11bis a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^11aand R^11bare joined to form an oxo group.

In certain embodiments, wherein R², R⁴, R^11aand R^11bare hydrogen, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-c1), (I-c2), or (I-c3):

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, halogen (e.g., bromine), —OR^A1(e.g., —OH), —N(R^A1)₂, —S—S(═O)₂R^A2, substituted or unsubstituted hetercyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, bromine, or —OH. In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^3′is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, both R^6aand R^6bare hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^6aand R^6bis a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen alpha group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen beta group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl, and R^6bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both halo, e.g., fluoro. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both alkyl, e.g., methyl. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo group.

In certain embodiments, wherein R², R⁴, R^11aand R^11bare hydrogen, the compound of Formula (III) is of Formula (III-c1), (III-c2), or (III-c3):

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, halogen (e.g., bromine), —OR^A1(e.g., —OH), —N(R^A1)₂, —S—S(═O)₂R^A2, substituted or unsubstituted hetercyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R¹is hydrogen, bromine, or —OH. In certain embodiments, R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R^3′is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, both R^6aand R^6bare hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one of R^6aand R^6bis a non-hydrogen group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen alpha group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais a non-hydrogen beta group. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl. In certain embodiments, R^6ais halo, e.g., fluoro, or alkyl, and R^6bis hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both halo, e.g., fluoro. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare both alkyl, e.g., methyl. In certain embodiments, R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo group.

In certain embodiments, wherein R², R⁴, R^11a, R^11b, R^6a, R^6bare hydrogen, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-d1), (I-d2), or (I-d3):

[Image Omitted]

In certain embodiments, wherein R², R⁴, R^11a, R^11b, R^6a, R^6bare hydrogen, the compound of Formula (III) is of Formula (III-d1), (III-d2), or (III-d3):

[Image Omitted]

In certain further embodiments of Formula (I) and (III), R¹is hydrogen, halogen, —OR^A1, —SR^A1, —N(R^A1)₂, —OC(═O)R^A1, —OC(═O)OR^A1, —OC(═O)SR^A1, —OC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —SC(═O)R^A2, —SC(═O)OR^A1, —SC(═O)SR^A1, —SC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —NHC(═O)R^A1, —NHC(═O)OR^A1, —NHC(═O)SR^A1, —NHC(═O)N(R^A1)₂, —OS(═O)₂R^A2, —OS(═O)₂OR^A1, —S—S(═O)₂R^A2, —S—S(═O)₂OR^A1, —S(═O)R^A2, —SO₂R^A2, or —S(═O)₂OR^A1; R²is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, —OH, —OR^B1, —OC(═O)R^B1, —NH₂, —N(R^B1)₂, or —NR^B1C(═O)R^B1; R³is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R^3′is hydrogen; R⁴is hydrogen; each of R^6aand R^6bis independently hydrogen, halo, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, or R^6aand R^6bare joined to form an oxo (═O) group; and each of R^11aand R^11bis independently hydrogen, —OH, —OR^D1, —OC(═O)R^D1, —NH₂, —N(R^D1)₂, or —NR^D1C(═O)R^D1, or R^11aand R^11bare joined to form an oxo (═O) group.

Additional embodiments of Formula (I) are further considered herein. For example, in certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from any one of the following Formula:

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, isotopic variant, or N-oxide thereof, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from any one of the following Formula:

[Image Omitted]

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, stereoisomer, tautomer, or isotopic variant thereof, or a combination thereof.