CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

None.

BACKGROUND
Field of the Disclosure

The present invention relates generally to a chemically prepared toner formulation having a core shell structure for use in electrophotography and more particularly to a chemically prepared core shell toner formulation having a plasticizing agent consisting of core shell styrene acrylic particles containing a liquid gel core in the core of the toner and method to make the same. This desirable liquid gel core in the toner results in a toner that can fuse at a desirable low temperature while surviving the temperature extremes associated with shipping and storage.

Description of the Related Art

Toners for use in electrophotographic printers include two primary types, mechanically milled toners and chemically prepared toners (CPT). Chemically prepared toners have significant advantages over mechanically milled toners including better print quality, higher toner transfer efficiency and lower torque properties for various components of the electrophotographic printer such as a developer roller, a fuser belt and a charge roller. The particle size distribution of CPTs is typically narrower than the particle size distribution of mechanically milled toners. The size and shape of CPTs are also easier to control than mechanically milled toners.

One process for preparing a CPT is by emulsion aggregation. Emulsion aggregation is carried out in an aqueous system resulting in good control of both the size and shape of the toner particles. The toner components typically include a polymer binder, one or more colorants and a release agent. A styrene-acrylic copolymer polymer binder is often used as the latex binder in the emulsion aggregation process. Also, a more expensive polyester polymer binder can be used as the latex binder in the emulsion aggregation process. However, polyester binders are more difficult to disperse in an aqueous system due to their polar nature, pH sensitivity and gel content thereby limiting their applicability in the emulsion aggregation process.

The use of a styrene-acrylic copolymer latex binders and in toner formulations unfortunately requires a tradeoff between the toner's fusing properties and its shipping and storage properties. One important characteristic of any toner is its fuse window. The fuse window is the range of temperatures at which fusing is satisfactorily conducted without incomplete fusion and without transfer of toner to the heating element, which may be a roller, belt or other member contacting the toner during fusing. Thus, below the low end of the fuse window the toner is incompletely melted and above the high end of the fuse window the toner flows onto the fixing member where it mars subsequent sheets being fixed. It is preferred that the low end of the fuse window be as low as possible to reduce the required temperature of the fuser in the electrophotographic printer to therefore improve the printer's safety and to conserve energy.

In addition to fuse at an energy saving low temperature, the toner must also be able to survive the temperature and humidity extremes associated with storage and shipping—commonly called the ship/store test. Caking or blocking of the toner during shipping and storage usually results in print flaws. Energy saving low fusing toner is desirable but the low end of the fuse window cannot be so low that the toner melts during the storing or shipping of a toner cartridge containing the toner. A low melt/low energy fusing toner must be robust to shipping and storage conditions in order to be attractive in a worldwide market. However, many toner formulations using polyester and or styrene acrylic latexes cannot simultaneously meet the demand to fuse at low temperatures while also passing the ship/storage tests. In particular, toners having low molecular weight polyester resins do not significantly open the low temperature end of the fuse window to allow the toner to be energy efficient. Moreover, due to its short chain migration speed, the amount of the polyester resin must be limited in the toner formulation in order for the toner to survive the temperatures and humidity extremes when being shipped and stored.

Plasticizing agents have been added to toner formulations to act as low temperature fusing promoters. However, many plasticizing agents have limitations. For example, crystalline polyester resins have been incorporated as plasticizing agents in core shell toner formulations. The incorporation of crystalline polyester resins into the toner formulation is an expensive, time consuming process. Moreover, a crystalline polyester resin having too low a melt temperature can completely melt during the emulsion aggregation process and unfortunately lead to the loss of the crystallinity of the polyester resin. Once the crystallinity disappears, the crystalline polyester will sabotage the ship store property of the toner. This is not a desirable result.

The incorporating of plasticizing agents into a toner should result in a toner formulation that will fuse at a low temperature while surviving the high temperature and humidity associated with shipping. The plasticizing agent should also be cost efficient.

The inventors of the present invention believe that lower fusing temperatures in a chemically prepared toner can be achieved by the addition of a unique plasticizing agent into the core of the toner which surprisingly produces a toner having a liquid gel core. This liquid gelled core results in a toner formulation that fuses at an energy efficient low temperature and alleviates shipping and storage concerns while providing great print quality. This plasticizing agent is a core shell styrene acrylic latex having a liquid gel core. This particular core shell styrene acrylic latex having a liquid gel core possesses not only low melting temperatures, but also has a sufficiently low melt flow viscosity to enable the toner to penetrate into paper fibers thereby giving the toner good fixation under such low melting temperatures. Also, this core shell styrene acrylic latex having a liquid gel core provides enough filming strength to withstand the lifting/peeling actions at higher printing speeds at the operational temperature range of the electrophotographic printer and importantly does not sabotage the ship/store property of the toner. The short polymer chain and crosslinked structure of this styrene acrylic latex promotes the low temperature melting at fusing but no polymer migration during shipping and storage. Specifically, the added oil in the core not only functions as a plasticizer but also softens the core of the core shell styrene acrylic latex particles. Additionally depending on what type of oil is added, specific types of toners can be produced such as scented toners, dye based security toners, anti-microbial toners, indicator or reactor toners and MICR toners.

SUMMARY

A method for producing toner for electrophotography according to one embodiment, includes the preparing of the unique core shell styrene acrylic latex having a liquid gel core. This is done by preparing this styrene acrylic latex, preparing a monomer solution, seeding the styrene acrylic latex with a portion of the monomer solution, a plasticizing oil, a crosslinking agent and a chain transfer agent and adding an initiator solution and a remaining portion of the monomer solution to the seeded styrene acrylic latex. Separately, a first and a second polymer emulsions as well as a pigment and a wax emulsion are prepared. The first polymer emulsion is then combined and agglomerated with the pigment and wax dispersion and the styrene acrylic latex to form toner cores. An optional borax coupling agent is added to the toner cores once the toner cores reach a predetermined size. The second polymer emulsion is combined and agglomerated with the toner cores to form toner shells around the toner cores. The toner cores and toner shells are then fused to form toner particles.

A chemically prepared toner composition, according to one example embodiment includes a toner particle having a core including a first polymer binder, a core shell styrene acrylic latex having a liquid gel core, a pigment, a wax, and a shell formed around the core including a second polymer binder. An optional borax coupling agent can be placed between the outer surface of the core and the shell to assist in the binding of the polymer found in the shell onto the surface of the toner core containing the first polymer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that various omissions and substitutions of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient, but these are intended to cover the application or implementation without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims of the present disclosure. It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of components set forth in the following description. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Further, the terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.

The present disclosure relates to a chemically prepared core shell toner having styrene acrylic particles containing a liquid gel core in the core of the toner and an associated method of preparation of the toner. The styrene acrylic particles containing a liquid gel core act as a plasticizing agent or low temperature fusing promoter when incorporated into the core of the toner. The toner is utilized in an electrophotographic printer such as a printer, copier, multi-function device or an all-in-one device. The toner may be provided in a cartridge that supplies toner to the electrophotographic printer. Example methods of forming toner using emulsion aggregation techniques are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,254 and 6,531,256, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Additionally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,669,035 and 9,023,569 disclose example toner formulations and methods of making toner using a borax coupling agent and are assigned to the applicants of the present invention and are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

In the present emulsion aggregation process, the toner particles are manufactured by chemical methods as opposed to physical methods such as pulverization. Generally, the toner includes one or more polymer binders, a core shell latex having a liquid gel core, a release agent or wax, a colorant, an optional borax coupling agent and one or more optional additives such as a charge control agent (CCA).

The styrene acrylic latex used herein is a core shell structure with low molecular weight, low glass transition temperature (Tg), relative highly cross-linked latex. Additionally the styrene acrylic latex contains a liquid gel core. This styrene acrylic latex has these requirements because typically a styrene acrylic latex used in toner provides better ship/store property for the toner, however its use will deteriorate the toner's fusing properties dramatically due to the thermal characteristics of the styrene acrylic resin itself. The latex used in this toner formulation should itself be a low temperature fusing promoter without hurting the ship/storage property of the toner and easily reach the required toner circularity without changing the emulsion aggregation process to make the polyester toner, which typically rounds at relatively lower temperature and atmosphere pressure. This specially designed core shell styrene acrylic latex containing a liquid gel core attains the above enumerated properties.

This specially designed core shell styrene acrylic latex containing a liquid gel core is synthesized using the following steps. The first step is a liquid gel core formation process and the second step is an encapsulation process that involves latex emulsion polymerization to form a shell over the liquid gel core. A monomer solution is prepared using styrene and acrylate monomers with a crosslinking agent and chain transfer agents. An initiator solution is prepared separately in water with an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide and a surfactant. A portion of the monomer solution is used as an organic seed and added with the plasticizing oil. The organic seed, together with the radical initiator and the surfactant is held at a temperature near or about 82° C. for about 20 to 25 minutes to form the cross-linked, styrene acrylic polymer based liquid gel core. The rest of the monomer solution and the initiator solution are then added to the core over a period of time to create the shell for the liquid gel core. The reaction is held for another 2 hours and cooled to room temperature. The resulting latex having the styrene acrylic particles containing a liquid gel core is then filtered through a mesh to eliminate large grits. This resulting latex having the styrene acrylic particles containing a liquid gel core is then used in the toner formulation of the present invention.

A detailed synthesis of the toner of the present invention is set forth as follows: An emulsion of a polymer binder is formed in water, optionally with organic solvent, with an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, or an organic amine compound. A stabilizing agent having an anionic functional group (A−), e.g., an anionic surfactant or an anionic polymeric dispersant may also be included. It will be appreciated that a cationic (C+) functional group, e.g., a cationic surfactant or a cationic polymeric dispersant, may be substituted as desired. The polymer latex is used at two points during the toner formation process. A first portion of the polymer latex is used together with the above described styrene acrylic latex containing a liquid gel core to form the core of the resulting toner particle and a second portion of the polymer latex is used to form a shell around the toner core. The first and second portions of the polymer latex may be formed separately or together. Where the portions of the polymer latex forming the toner core and the toner shell are formed separately, either the same or different polymer binders may be used in the core and shell. In the emulsion aggregation toner, different polymer latexes are used for the core and shell of the toner. The ratio of the amount of polyester binder in the toner core to the amount of polyester binder in the shell is between about 20:80 (wt.) and about 80:20 (wt.) including all values and increments therebetween, such as between about 50:50 (wt.) and about 80:20 (wt.), depending on the particular polyester resin(s) used.

The core shell styrene acrylic latex having a liquid gel core, colorant, release agent and the optional CCA are dispersed separately in their own aqueous environments or in one aqueous mixture, as desired, in the presence of a stabilizing agent having similar functionality (and ionic charge) as the stabilizing agent employed in the polymer latex. The styrene acrylic latex having a liquid gel core, polymer latex forming the toner core, the colorant dispersion, the release agent dispersion and the optional CCA dispersion are then mixed and stirred to ensure a homogenous composition. As used herein, the term dispersion refers to a system in which particles are dispersed in a continuous phase of a different composition (or state) and may include an emulsion. Acid is then added to reduce the pH and cause flocculation. In this case, flocculation includes the formation of a gel where resin, colorant, release agent and CCA form an aggregate mixture, typically from particles 1-2 microns (μm) in size. Unless stated otherwise, reference to particle size herein refers to the largest cross-sectional dimension of the particle. The aggregated toner particles may then be heated to a temperature that is less than or around (e.g., ±5° C.) the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer latex to induce the growth of clusters of the aggregate particles. Once the aggregate particles reach the desired size of the toner core, the borax coupling agent is added so that it forms on the surface of the toner core. Following addition of the borax coupling agent, the polymer latex forming the toner shell is added. This polymer latex aggregates around the toner core to form the toner shell. Once the aggregate particles reach the desired toner size, base may be added to increase the pH and reionize the anionic stabilizing agent to prevent further particle growth or one can add additional anionic stabilizing agents. The temperature is then raised above the glass transition temperature of the polymer latex(es) to fuse the particles together within each cluster. This temperature is maintained until the particles reach the desired circularity. The toner particles are then washed and dried.

The toner particles produced may have an average particle size of between about 3 μm and about 20 μm (volume average particle size) including all values and increments therebetween, such as between about 4 μm and about 15 μm or, more particularly, between about Sum and about 7 μm. The toner particles produced may have an average degree of circularity between about 0.90 and about 1.00, including all values and increments therebetween, such as about 0.93 to about 0.98. The average degree of circularity and average particle size may be determined by a Sysmex Flow Particle Image Analyzer (e.g., FPIA-3000) available from Malvern Instruments, Ltd., Malvern, Worcestershire, UK. The various components for the emulsion aggregation method to prepare the above referenced toner will be described below. It should be noted that the various features of the indicated components may all be adjusted to facilitate the step of aggregation and formation of toner particles of desired size and geometry. It may therefore be appreciated that by controlling the indicated characteristics, one may first form relatively stable dispersions, wherein aggregation may proceed along with relatively easy control of final toner particle size for use in an electrophotographic printer or printer cartridge.

Core Shell Latex

There are several factors to consider when formulating a core shell latex that will successfully function as a plasticizing agent or low temperature fusing promoter when added into the core of a core shell toner. This latex contains a liquid gel core and is incorporated into the core of the toner along with the other usual components of the toner core such as a polymer, pigment, release agent and the like. Having a toner with a liquid gel core positively affects the toner fusing temperature and ship/store properties. The important factors include the monomer selected, the cross-linking agent, the chain transfer agent, and the liquid oil used to form the liquid gel core.

1. Monomer Selection

The latex is formed from monomers. Hydrophobic monomers may be selected from a group including, but not limited to, styrene, butyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, and stearyl methacrylate. Hydrophobic refers to a relatively non-polar type chemical structure that tends to self-associate in the presence of water. Lauryl acrylate or butyl acrylate is used with styrene. Although longer chain lengths hydrocarbons are preferred for the interaction of the monomer with the wax and other resins in the toner, the longer the hydrocarbon chain, the less efficient the monomer is in co-polymerization. Hydrophilic monomers may be selected from carboxy (—COOH) and hydroxy (—OH) functional groups. The hydrophilic monomers also affect the agglomeration of the toner particle in the emulsion aggregation CPT process. Hydrophilic functionality refers to relatively polar functionality (e.g., an anionic group) which may then tend to associate with water molecules. Hydrophilic monomers provide additional stability for the latex particles apart from that already provided by the surfactant and initiator. Examples of hydrophilic monomers are hydroxyethyl methacrylate, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate. Furthermore, the quantity of the carboxy and hydroxyl functional groups in the chosen hydrophilic monomers have been found to have a great influence on the print quality and stability of the toner. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that these functional groups in the chosen monomer act as an anchor for the pigment, which in turn influences the pigment distribution in the toner particles.

2. Cross-Linking Agent

The cross-linking agent controls the gel content of the latex which, in turn, affects both fusing temperature and the migration of the latex polymers. A low molecular weight, low Tg latex is preferred, however, these properties are the opposite of those required to maintain the ship/store property of the toner. Surprisingly, cross-linking the low molecular weight polymer chain into a soft gel is a more favorable solution. In an embodiment, divinyl benzene is useful as a cross-linking agent. Other useful cross-linking agents include any kind of di- or multifunctional meth(acrylate).

3. Chain Transfer Agent

The chain transfer agent not only controls the molecular weight of the latex, but also affects the grit formation of the reaction. Generally, any kind of thiol compounds can be a possible chain transfer agent. In the present encapsulation process, two chain transfer agents are used: 1-dodecanethiol and isooctyl-3-mercaptopropionate.

4. Encapsulated Plasticizing Oil

The oil encapsulated in the latex forming the liquid core is preferred to contain a long chain (carbon number >10) hydrocarbon. Additionally, the oil cannot be water soluble. It can be chosen from the following pure or mixed chemicals: citronellol, geraniol, nerol, linalool, phenyl ethyl alcohol, farnesol, alpha-Santalol and beta-Santalol (chemical formula C₁₅H₂₄O). α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, camphene, β-caryophyllene, neral, citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, eugenol, methyl eugenol, damascenone. The quantity of the oil is preferred to be about 0.5-1.5% of the latex.

Ammonium persulfate is used in the initiator solution and a surfactant such as AKYPO-M100 is used together with the organic seed. AKYPO-M100 is available from Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

A low Tg latex is preferred when used as a plasticizing agent in the core of the toner. Particularly, based on the quantity of the latex used in the toner, latex having a low molecular weight, medium cross-linking and a Tg between about 20° C. to about 60° C. is preferred in order to achieve the desirable energy efficient toner making and low temperature fusing of 175° C. or lower. An embodiment uses a latex having a Tg between 40° C. to 50° C. In some embodiments, the latex portion can be up to 25% wt of the total resin. In an embodiment, the latex is about 20% wt of the total resin.

As mentioned above, the toners herein include one or more polymer binders. The terms resin and polymer are used interchangeably herein as there is no technical difference between the two. In one embodiment, the polymer binder(s) include polyesters. The polyester binder(s) may include a semi-crystalline polyester binder, a crystalline polyester binder or an amorphous polyester binder. Alternatively, the polyester binder(s) may include a polyester copolymer binder resin. For example, the polyester binder(s) may include a styrene/acrylic-polyester graft copolymer. The polyester binder(s) may be formed using acid monomers such as terephthalic acid, trimellitic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride and fumaric acid. Further, the polyester binder(s) may be formed using alcohol monomers such as ethoxylated and propoxylated bisphenol A. Example polyester resins include, but are not limited to, T100, TF-104, NE-1582, NE-701, NE-2141, NE-1569, Binder C, FPESL-2, W-85N, TL-17, TPESL-10, TPESL-11 polyester resins from Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan, or mixtures thereof. The polymer binder(s) also includes a thermoplastic type polymer such as a styrene and/or substituted styrene polymer, such as a homopolymer (e.g., polystyrene) and/or copolymer (e.g., styrene-butadiene copolymer and/or styrene-acrylic copolymer, a styrene-butyl methacrylate copolymer and/or polymers made from styrene-butyl acrylate and other acrylic monomers such as hydroxy acrylates or hydroxyl methacrylates); polyvinyl acetate, polyalkenes, poly(vinyl chloride), polyurethanes, polyamides, silicones, epoxy resins, or phenolic resins. Various commercially available crystalline polyester resin emulsions are available from Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan and Reichhold Chemical Company, Durham, N.C. under the trade names EPC 2-20, EPC 3-20, 6-20, 7-20, CPES B1, EPC 8-20, EPC 9-20, EPC-10-20, CPES B20 and CPES B25.

Colorants are compositions that impart color or other visual effects to the toner and may include carbon black, dyes (which may be soluble in a given medium and capable of precipitation), pigments (which may be insoluble in a given medium) or a combination of the two. A colorant dispersion may be prepared by mixing the pigment in water with a dispersant. Alternatively, a self-dispersing colorant may be used thereby permitting omission of the dispersant. The colorant may be present in the dispersion at a level of about 5% to about 20% by weight including all values and increments therebetween. For example, the colorant may be present in the dispersion at a level of about 10% to about 15% by weight. The dispersion of colorant may contain particles at a size of about 50 nanometers (nm) to about 500 nm including all values and increments therebetween. Further, the colorant dispersion may have a pigment weight percent divided by dispersant weight percent (P/D ratio) of about 1:1 to about 8:1 including all values and increments therebetween, such as about 2:1 to about 5:1. The colorant may be present at less than or equal to about 15% by weight of the final toner formulation including all values and increments therebetween.

The optional coupling agent used herein is borax (also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate). As used herein, the term borax coupling agent is defined as enabling the formation of hydrogen bonds between polymer chains which assists in the anchoring or binding of the polymer found in the shell onto the surface of the toner core containing the polymers or mixture of polymers, thereby helping to couple the shell to the outer surface of the toner core. The borax coupling agent bonds the shell to the outer surface of the core by forming hydrogen bonding between its hydroxyl groups and the functional groups present in the polymers utilized in the inventive toner formulation.

Typically, coupling agents have multivalent bonding ability. Borax differs from commonly used permanent coupling agents, such as multivalent metal ions (e.g., aluminum and zinc), in that its bonding is reversible. In the electrophotographic process, toner is preferred to have a low fusing temperature to save energy and a low melt viscosity (“soft”) to permit high speed printing at low fusing temperatures. However, in order to maintain the stability of the toner during shipping and storage and to prevent filming of the printer components, toner is preferred to be “harder” at temperatures below the fusing temperature. Borax provides cross-linking through hydrogen bonding between its hydroxy groups and the functional groups of the molecules it is bonded to. The hydrogen bonding is sensitive to temperature and pressure and is not a stable and permanent bond. For example, when the temperature is increased to a certain degree or stress is applied to the polymer, the bond will partially or completely break causing the polymer to “flow” or tear off. The reversibility of the bonds formed by the borax coupling agent is particularly useful in toner because it permits a “soft” toner at the fusing temperature but a “hard” toner at the storage temperature.

The wax used may include any compound that facilitates the release of toner from a component in an electrophotographic printer (e.g., release from a roller surface). The term ‘release agent’ can also be used to describe a compound that facilitates the release of toner from a component in an electrophotographic printer. For example, the release agent or wax may include polyolefin wax, ester wax, polyester wax, polyethylene wax, metal salts of fatty acids, fatty acid esters, partially saponified fatty acid esters, higher fatty acid esters, higher alcohols, paraffin wax, carnauba wax, amide waxes and polyhydric alcohol esters or mixtures thereof.

The wax or release agent may therefore include a low molecular weight hydrocarbon based polymer (e.g., Mn≦10,000) having a melting point of less than about 140° C. including all values and increments between about 50° C. and about 140° C. The wax may be present in the dispersion at an amount of about 5% to about 35% by weight including all values and increments there between. For example, the wax may be present in the dispersion at an amount of about 10% to about 18% by weight. The wax dispersion may also contain particles at a size of about 50 nm to about 1 μm including all values and increments there between. In addition, the wax dispersion may be further characterized as having a wax weight percent divided by dispersant weight percent (RA/D ratio) of about 1:1 to about 30:1. For example, the RA/D ratio may be about 3:1 to about 8:1. The wax is provided in the range of about 2% to about 20% by weight of the final toner formulation including all values and increments there between. Exemplary waxes having these above enumerated characteristics include, but are not limited to, SD-A01, SD-B01, MPA-A02, CM-A01 and CM-B01 from Cytech Products, Inc., Polywax M70, Polywax M80 and Polywax 500 from Baker Petrolite and WE5 from Nippon Oil and Fat.

A surfactant, a polymeric dispersant or a combination thereof may be used. The polymeric dispersant may generally include three components, namely, a hydrophilic component, a hydrophobic component and a protective colloid component. Reference to hydrophobic refers to a relatively non-polar type chemical structure that tends to self-associate in the presence of water. The hydrophobic component of the polymeric dispersant may include electron-rich functional groups or long chain hydrocarbons. Such functional groups are known to exhibit strong interaction and/or adsorption properties with respect to particle surfaces such as the colorant and the polyester binder resin of the polyester resin emulsion. Hydrophilic functionality refers to relatively polar functionality (e.g., an anionic group) which may then tend to associate with water molecules. The protective colloid component includes a water soluble group with no ionic function. The protective colloid component of the polymeric dispersant provides extra stability in addition to the hydrophilic component in an aqueous system. Use of the protective colloid component substantially reduces the amount of the ionic monomer segment or the hydrophilic component in the polymeric dispersant. Further, the protective colloid component stabilizes the polymeric dispersant in lower acidic media. The protective colloid component generally includes polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups. The dispersant employed herein may include the dispersants disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,991,884 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,538, which are assigned to the assignee of the present application and are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The surfactant, as used herein, may be a conventional surfactant known in the art for dispersing non self-dispersing colorants and release agents employed for preparing toner formulations for electrophotography. Commercial surfactants such as the AKYPO series of carboxylic acids from AKYPO from Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan may be used. For example, alkyl ether carboxylates and alkyl ether sulfates, preferably lauryl ether carboxylates and lauryl ether sulfates, respectively, may be used. One particular suitable anionic surfactant is AKYPO RLM-100 available from Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan, which is laureth-11 carboxylic acid thereby providing anionic carboxylate functionality. Other anionic surfactants contemplated herein include alkyl phosphates, alkyl sulfonates and alkyl benzene sulfonates. Sulfonic acid containing polymers or surfactants may also be employed.

The toner formulation of the present disclosure may also include one or more conventional charge control agents, which may optionally be used for preparing the toner formulation. A charge control agent may be understood as a compound that assists in the production and stability of a tribocharge in the toner. The charge control agent(s) also help in preventing deterioration of charge properties of the toner formulation. The charge control agent(s) may be prepared in the form of a dispersion in a manner similar to that of the colorant and release agent dispersions discussed above.

The toner formulation may include one or more additional additives, such as acids and/or bases, emulsifiers, extra particular additives, UV absorbers, fluorescent additives, pearlescent additives, plasticizers and combinations thereof. These additives may be desired to enhance the properties of an image printed using the present toner formulation. For example, UV absorbers may be included to increase UV light fade resistance by preventing gradual fading of the image upon subsequent exposures to ultraviolet radiations. Suitable examples of the UV absorbers include, but are not limited to, benzophenone, benzotriazole, acetanilide, triazine and derivatives thereof.

The following examples are provided to further illustrate the teachings of the present disclosure, not to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

Preparation of Example Cyan Pigment Dispersion

About 10 g of AKYPO RLM-100 polyoxyethylene(10) lauryl ether carboxylic acid from Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan was combined with about 350 g of de-ionized water and the pH was adjusted to ˜7-9 using sodium hydroxide. About 10 g of Solsperse 27000 from Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Cleveland, Ohio, USA was added and the dispersant and water mixture was blended with an electrical stirrer followed by the relatively slow addition of 100 g of pigment blue 15:3. Once the pigment was completely wetted and dispersed, the mixture was added to a horizontal media mill to reduce the particle size. The solution was processed in the media mill until the particle size was about 200 nm. The final pigment dispersion was set to contain about 20% to about 25% solids by weight.

Preparation of Example Wax Emulsion

About 12 g of AKYPO RLM-100 polyoxyethylene(10) lauryl ether carboxylic acid from Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan was combined with about 325 g of de-ionized water and the pH was adjusted to ˜7-9 using sodium hydroxide. The mixture was then processed through a microfluidizer and heated to about 90° C. About 12 g of ester wax and 48 g of paraffin wax from Cytec Products Inc., Elizabethtown, Ky. was added to the hot mixture while the temperature was maintained at about 90° C. for about 15 minutes. The emulsion was then removed from the microfluidizer when the particle size was below about 250 nm. The solution was then stirred at room temperature. The wax emulsion was set to contain about 15% to about 25% solids by weight

Preparation of Example Polyester Resin Emulsion A

A polyester resin having a peak molecular weight of about 11,000, a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about 55° C. to about 58° C., a melt temperature (Tm) of about 115° C., and an acid value of about 8 to about 13 was used. The glass transition temperature is measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wherein, in this case, the onset of the shift in baseline (heat capacity) thereby indicates that the Tg may occur at about 55° C. to about 58° C. at a heating rate of about 5 per minute. The acid value may be due to the presence of one or more free carboxylic acid functionalities (—COOH) in the polyester. Acid value refers to the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of the polyester. The acid value is therefore a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in the polyester.

150 g of the polyester resin was dissolved in 450 g of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) in a round bottom flask with stirring. The dissolved resin was then poured into a beaker. The beaker was placed in an ice bath directly under a homogenizer. The homogenizer was turned on at high shear and 7 g of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and 500 g of de-ionized water were immediately added to the beaker. The homogenizer was run at high shear for about 2-4 minutes then the homogenized resin solution was placed in a vacuum distillation reactor. The reactor temperature was maintained at about 43° C. and the pressure was maintained between about 22 inHg and about 23 inHg. About 500 mL of additional de-ionized water was added to the reactor and the temperature was gradually increased to about 70° C. to ensure that substantially all of the MEK was distilled out. The heat to the reactor was then turned off and the mixture was stirred until it reached room temperature. Once the reactor reached room temperature, the vacuum was turned off and the resin solution was removed and placed in storage bottles. The particle size of Polyester Resin Emulsion A was between about 190 nm and about 240 nm (volume average) as measured by a NANOTRAC Particle Size Analyzer. The pH of the resin solution was between about 7.5 and about 8.2.

Preparation of Example Polyester Resin Emulsion B

A polyester resin having a peak molecular weight of about 13K, a glass transition temperature of about 58° C. to about 62° C., a melt temperature of about 114° C., and an acid value of about 19 to 20 was used to form an emulsion using the procedure outlines above to make example Polyester Resin Emulsion A except using about 10 g of the 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. The particle size of Polyester Resin Emulsion B was between about 190 nm and about 240 nm (volume average) as measured by a NANOTRAC Particle Size Analyzer. The pH of the resin solution was between about 7.5 and about 8.5.

Preparation of Different Latexes to be Used as Plasticizing Agents in Core of Toner

1. Latex A

In a flask, 4.48 g 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 107 g styrene, 35 g lauryl acrylate, 2.57 g β-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2.2 g divinylbenzene, 1.9276 g 1-dodecanethiol, 1.9082 g isooctyl-3-mercaptopropionate were weighed and mixed. This served as the organic portion of the reaction. From the organic portion, 7.66 g was weighed out and used as seed.

The initiator solution is prepared in another flask with 70 g of deionized water, 0.3 g of Ammonium persulfate, 10.1 g of 15% AKYPO-M100 and 2.8 g of Ammonium hydroxide.

In a 3 L four-neck, round-bottom flask equipped with a thermocontroller, condenser, mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet, about 500 g deionized water, 0.8 g of AKYPO surfactant and 1 g of Ammonium hydroxide were added and heated to 82° C. At 82° C., the organic seed with 0.11 g Ammonium persulfate were added and the reaction mixture held for 25 minutes. The organic and initiator portion were added drop-wise to the reactor while maintaining the temperature at 82° C. The addition continued for approximately one to two hours. At approximately four hours, 0.19 g of t-Butyl hydroperoxide and 0.13 g of L-Ascorbic acid in 25 ml of deionized water (respectively) were added separately to the reactor. The reaction was held for another two hours and cooled down to room temperature. The product was filtered through a mesh. The final particle size was around 103 nm.

2. Higher Tg Latex (Latex A+)

In a flask, 4.48 g 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 110 g styrene, 32 g lauryl acrylate, 2.57 g β-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2.2 g divinylbenzene, 1.9276 g 1-dodecanethiol, 1.9082 g isooctyl-3-mercaptopropionate were weighed and mixed. This served as the organic portion of the reaction. From the organic portion, 7.66 g was weighed out to be used as seed.

The initiator solution was prepared in another flask with 70 g of deionized water, 0.3 g of Ammonium persulfate, 10.1 g of 15% AKYPO-M100, and 2.8 g of Ammonium hydroxide.

In a 3 L four-neck, round-bottom flask equipped with a thermocontroller, condenser, mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet, about 500 g deionized water, 0.8 g of AKYPO surfactant and 1 g of Ammonium hydroxide were added and heated to 82° C. At 82° C., the organic seed with 0.11 g ammonium persulfate were added and held for 25 minutes. The organic and initiator portion were added drop-wise to the reactor while maintaining the temperature at 82° C. This addition continued for approximately one to two hours until completion. At about four hours, 0.19 g of t-butyl hydroperoxide and 0.13 g of L-ascorbic acid in 25 ml of deionized water (respectively) were added separately to the reactor. The reaction was held for another two hours and cooled to room temperature. The product was filtered through a mesh. The final particle size was approximately 123 nm.

3. Extra Cross-Linking Latex (Latex B)

In a flask, 4.48 g 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 107 g styrene, 35 g lauryl acrylate, 2.57 g β-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2.4 g divinylbenzene, 1.9276 g 1-dodecanethiol, and 1.9082 g isooctyl-3-mercaptopropionate were weighed and mixed. This served as the organic portion of the reaction. From the organic portion, 7.66 g was weighed out to be used as seed.

The initiator solution was prepared in another flask with 70 g of deionized water, 0.3 g of Ammonium persulfate, 10.1 g of 15% AKYPO-M100, and 2.8 g of Ammonium hydroxide.

In a 3 L four-neck, round-bottom flask equipped with a thermocontroller, condenser, mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet, about 500 g deionized water, 0.8 g of Akypo surfactant and 1 g of ammonium hydroxide were added and heated to 82° C. At 82° C., the organic seed with 0.11 g ammonium persulfate were added and held for 25 minutes. The organic and initiator portion were added drop-wise to the reactor while maintaining the temperature at 82° C. This addition continued for around one to two hours until completion. At about four hours, 0.19 g of t-butyl hydroperoxide and 0.13 g of L-ascorbic acid in 25 ml of deionized water respectively were added separately to the reactor. The reaction was held for another two hours and cooled down to room temperature. The product was filtered through a mesh. The final particle size was around 103 nm.

4. Soft Core Latex (Latex C)

In flask A, 4.48 g 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2.57 g β-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2.2 g divinylbenzene, 1.9276 g 1-dodecanethiol, 1.9082 g isooctyl-3-mercaptopropionate were weighed and mixed.

In flask B, 52.5 g styrene, 18.5 g lauryl acrylate, and 6.5 g of mixture from flask A were mixed.

In flask C, 56 g styrene, 15 g lauryl acrylate, and 6.5 g of mixture from flask A were mixed.

The initiator solution was prepared in another flask with 70 g of deionized water, 0.3 g of ammonium persulfate, 10.1 g of 15% AKYPO-M100 and 2.8 g of ammonium hydroxide.

In a 3 L four-neck, round-bottom flask equipped with a thermocontroller, condenser, mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet, about 500 g deionized water, 0.8 g of Akypo surfactant and 1 g of ammonium hydroxide were added and heated to 82° C. At 82° C., about 7.6 g of organic portion from flask B with 0.11 g ammonium persulfate was added and held for 25 minutes. The organic portion from flask B and initiator portion were then added drop-wise to the reactor while maintaining the temperature at 82° C. After the addition of flask B portion, the portion from flask C was added. The addition continued for one to two hours until completion. At about four hours, 0.19 g of t-butyl hydroperoxide and 0.13 g of L-ascorbic acid in 25 ml of deionized water respectively were added separately to the reactor. The reaction was held for another two hours and cooled down to room temperature. The product was filtered through a mesh. Final particle size was about 114 nm.

5. Soft Core Latex Synthesis (Latex D)

In flask A, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate 4.48 g, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate 2.57 g, divinylbenzene 2.2 g, 1-dodecanethiol 1.9276 g, isooctyl-3-mercaptopropionate 1.9082 g were weighed and mixed.

In flask B, styrene 50 g, lauryl acrylate 21 g, and 10 g of mixture from flask A are mixed.

In flask C, styrene 59 g, lauryl acrylate 12 g, and 3 g of mixture from flask A are mixed.

The initiator solution is prepared in another flask with 70 g of deionized water, 0.3 g of ammonium persulfate, 10.1 g of 15% Akypo solution and 2.8 g of ammonium hydroxide.

In a 3 Liter four neck round bottom flask, equipped with thermocontroler, condenser, mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet, about 500 g Deionized water, 0.8 g of akypo surfactant and 1 g of ammonium hydroxide were added and heated to 82 C. At 82 C, about 7.6 g organic portion from flask B with 0.11 g ammonium persulfate were added and held for 25 min. Then the organic portion from flask B and initiator portion were added drop-wise to the reactor while maintaining the temperature at 82 C. After the addition of flask B portion, the portion from flask C was added. The addition takes about 1-2 hours to finish. At about four hours, 0.19 g of t-butylhydroperoxide and 0.13 g of L-ascorbic acid in 25 ml of de-ionized water respectively were added separately to the reactor. The reaction was held for another 2 hours and cooled down to room temperature. The product was filtered through a mesh. Final particle size is about 114 nm.

6. Example Core Shell Latexes Having Liquid Gel Core (Latex E and Latex F)

In a flask, 4.48 g 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 108 g styrene, 34 g lauryl acrylate, 2.57 g β-carboxyethyl acrylate, 2.0 g divinylbenzene, 1.9276 g 1-dodecanethiol, 1.9082 g isooctyl-3-mercaptopropionate were weighed and mixed. This served as the organic portion of the reaction. From the organic portion, 7.6 g was weighed out to be used as seed.

The initiator solution was prepared in another flask with 70 g of deionized water, 0.3 g of ammonium persulfate, 10.1 g of 15% AKYPO-M100 and 2.8 g of ammonium hydroxide.

In a 3 L four-neck, round-bottom flask equipped with a thermocontroller, condenser, mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet, about 500 g deionized water, 0.8 g of Akypo surfactant and 1 g of ammonium hydroxide were added and heated to 82° C. At 82° C., about 7.6 g of the organic monomers with 1 g plasticizing oil (Latex E: plasticizing oil is geranium oil from Holland & Barrett Ltd. USA. Latex F: plasticizing oil is peony oil from Sweet ScentSations, Winneconne, Wis.), 0.2 g divinylbebzene and 0.11 g ammonium persulfate were added and well mixed, then held for 25 minutes with sufficient mixing. Then the rest organic portion and initiator portion were added drop-wise to the reactor while maintaining the temperature at 82° C. This addition continued for one to two hours until completion. At about four hours, 0.19 g of t-Butyl hydroperoxide and 0.13 g of L-ascorbic acid in 25 ml of deionized water (respectively) were added separately to the reactor. The reaction was held for another two hours and cooled down to room temperature. The product was filtered through a mesh. The final particle size was approximately 103 nm and 107 nm.

Toner Formulation Examples

Example Toner A

Components were added to a 2 L reactor in the following percentages based on total solids of the emulsions (excluding dispersant amounts): 39.4% Polyester Resin Emulsion A (Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan), 15.1% Latex A, 4.3% Cyan Pigment Dispersion, 11.3% Wax Emulsion (Cytech Products, Inc.). Deionized water was added so that the final solids percentage of the toner (including the shell material) was 14%.

The remaining 29.5% consisted of Polyester Resin Emulsion B. This material, used to form a shell layer around the toner particles, was not added with the other components at the start of the agglomeration.

The core raw materials were stirred in the reactor at about 25° C. and a circulation loop was started consisting of a high shear mixer and an acid addition pump. The mixture was sent through the loop, with the high shear mixer set at 10,000 RPM. Acid was slowly added to the slurry passing through the high shear mixer in order to evenly disperse the acid throughout the toner mixture so that there were no pockets with a low pH. Acid addition took about five minutes with an acid charge of 0.7% based on toner solids. The sulfuric acid used during this step was diluted to 1% concentration before addition. The flow of the loop was then reversed to return the toner mixture to the reactor and the temperature of the reactor was increased to about 37° C.-40° C. Once the particle size reached 5.0 μm (volume average), a borax solution was added at 0.4% of the total toner solids. After the addition of borax, the reserved shell Polyester Resin Emulsion B was added at 100 ml/min. The mixture was heated to about 45° C.-47° C. Once the particle size reached 6-6.5 μm (volume average), 4% NaOH was added in order to raise the pH to about 6.7-6.9 and stop particle growth. The temperature was then increased to 70° C., with dilute acetic acid was added to help the particles to coalesce at around 70° C. After the acetic acid was added, the temperature was increased to 83° C. and held there until the particles reached the desired circularity (above 0.97, measured on a Sysmex FPIA-3000 from Malvern). The toner was then washed and dried. Finishing agents were added so that the toner could be printed. The toner had a volume average particle size around 5.95 μm with 0.3% fines.

Example Toner A+

Components were added to a 2 L reactor in the following percentages based on total solids of the emulsions (excluding dispersant amounts): 39.4% Polyester Resin Emulsion A (Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan), 15.1% Latex A+, 4.3% Cyan Pigment Dispersion, 11.3% Wax Emulsion (Cytech Products, Inc.). Deionized water was added so that the final solids percentage of the toner (including the shell material) was 14%.

The remaining 29.5% consisted of Polyester Resin Emulsion B. This material, used to form a shell layer around the toner particles, was not added with the other components at the start of the agglomeration.

The core raw materials were stirred in the reactor at about 25° C. and a circulation loop was started consisting of a high shear mixer and an acid addition pump. The mixture was sent through the loop, with the high shear mixer set at 10,000 RPM. Acid was slowly added to the slurry passing through the high shear mixer in order to evenly disperse the acid throughout the toner mixture so that there were no pockets with a low pH. Acid addition took about five minutes with an acid charge of 0.7% based on toner solids. The sulfuric acid used during this step was diluted to 1% concentration before addition. The flow of the loop was then reversed to return the toner mixture to the reactor and the temperature of the reactor was increased to about 37° C.-40° C. Once the particle size reached 5.0 μm (volume average), a borax solution was added at 0.4% of the total toner solids. After the addition of borax, the reserved shell Polyester Resin Emulsion B was added at 100 ml/min. The mixture was heated to about 45° C.-47° C. Once the particle size reached 6-6.5 μm (volume average), 4% NaOH was added in order to raise the pH to about 6.7-6.9 and stop particle growth. The temperature was then increased to 70° C., with dilute acetic acid was added to help the particles to coalesce at around 70° C. After the acetic acid was added, the temperature was increased to 83° C. and held there until the particles reached the desired circularity (above 0.97, measured on a Sysmex FPIA-3000 from Malvern). The toner was then washed and dried. Finishing agents were added so that the toner could be printed. The toner had a volume average particle size around 6.5 μm with 0.6% fines.

Example Toner B

Components were added to a 2 L reactor in the following percentages based on total solids of the emulsions (excluding dispersant amounts): 39.4% Polyester Resin Emulsion A (Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan), 15.1% Latex B, 4.3% Cyan Pigment Dispersion, 11.3% Wax Emulsion (Cytech Products, Inc.). Deionized water was added so that the final solids percentage of the toner (including the shell material) was 14%.

The remaining 29.5% consisted of Polyester Resin Emulsion B. This material, used to form a shell layer around the toner particles, was not added with the other components at the start of the agglomeration.

The core raw materials were stirred in the reactor at about 25° C. and a circulation loop was started consisting of a high shear mixer and an acid addition pump. The mixture was sent through the loop, with the high shear mixer set at 10,000 RPM. Acid was slowly added to the slurry passing through the high shear mixer in order to evenly disperse the acid throughout the toner mixture so that there were no pockets with a low pH. Acid addition took about five minutes with an acid charge of 0.7% based on toner solids. The sulfuric acid used during this step was diluted to 1% concentration before addition. The flow of the loop was then reversed to return the toner mixture to the reactor and the temperature of the reactor was increased to about 37° C.-40° C. Once the particle size reached 5.0 μm (volume average), a borax solution was added at 0.4% of the total toner solids. After the addition of borax, the reserved shell Polyester Resin Emulsion B was added at 100 ml/min. The mixture was heated to about 45° C.-47° C. Once the particle size reached 6-6.5 μm (volume average), 4% NaOH was added in order to raise the pH to about 6.7-6.9 and stop particle growth. The temperature was then increased to 70° C., with dilute acetic acid was added to help the particles to coalesce at around 70° C. After the acetic acid was added, the temperature was increased to 83° C. and held there until the particles reached the desired circularity (above 0.97, measured on a Sysmex FPIA-3000 from Malvern). The toner was then washed and dried. Finishing agents were added so that the toner could be printed. The toner had a volume average particle size around 6.5 μm with 0.26% fines.

Example Toner C

Components were added to a 2 L reactor in the following percentages based on total solids of the emulsions (excluding dispersant amounts): 39.4% Polyester Resin Emulsion A (Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan), 15.1% Latex C, 4.3% Cyan Pigment Dispersion, 11.3% Wax Emulsion (Cytech Products, Inc.). Deionized water was added so that the final solids percentage of the toner (including the shell material) was 14%.

The remaining 29.5% consisted of Polyester Resin Emulsion B. This material, used to form a shell layer around the toner particles, was not added with the other components at the start of the agglomeration.

The core raw materials were stirred in the reactor at about 25° C. and a circulation loop was started consisting of a high shear mixer and an acid addition pump. The mixture was sent through the loop, with the high shear mixer set at 10,000 RPM. Acid was slowly added to the slurry passing through the high shear mixer in order to evenly disperse the acid throughout the toner mixture so that there were no pockets with a low pH. Acid addition took about five minutes with an acid charge of 0.7% based on toner solids. The sulfuric acid used during this step was diluted to 1% concentration before addition. The flow of the loop was then reversed to return the toner mixture to the reactor and the temperature of the reactor was increased to about 37° C.-40° C. Once the particle size reached 5.0 μm (volume average), a borax solution was added at 0.4% of the total toner solids. After the addition of borax, the reserved shell Polyester Resin Emulsion B was added at 100 ml/min. The mixture was heated to about 45° C.-47° C. Once the particle size reached 6-6.5 μm (volume average), 4% NaOH was added in order to raise the pH to about 6.7-6.9 and stop particle growth. The temperature was then increased to 70° C., with dilute acetic acid was added to help the particles to coalesce at around 70° C. After the acetic acid was added, the temperature was increased to 83° C. and held there until the particles reached the desired circularity (above 0.97, measured on a Sysmex FPIA-3000 from Malvern). The toner was then washed and dried. Finishing agents were added so that the toner could be printed. The toner had a volume average particle size around 6.26 μm with 0.3% fines.

Example Toner D

Components were added to a 2 L reactor in the following percentages based on total solids of the emulsions (excluding dispersant amounts): 39.4% Polyester Resin Emulsion A (Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan), 15.1% Latex D, 4.3% Cyan Pigment Dispersion, 11.3% Wax Emulsion (Cytech Products, Inc.). Deionized water was added so that the final solids percentage of the toner (including the shell material) was 14%.

The remaining 29.5% consisted of Polyester Resin Emulsion B. This material, used to form a shell layer around the toner particles, was not added with the other components at the start of the agglomeration.

The core raw materials were stirred in the reactor at about 25° C. and a circulation loop was started consisting of a high shear mixer and an acid addition pump. The mixture was sent through the loop, with the high shear mixer set at 10,000 RPM. Acid was slowly added to the slurry passing through the high shear mixer in order to evenly disperse the acid throughout the toner mixture so that there were no pockets with a low pH. Acid addition took about five minutes with an acid charge of 0.7% based on toner solids. The sulfuric acid used during this step was diluted to 1% concentration before addition. The flow of the loop was then reversed to return the toner mixture to the reactor and the temperature of the reactor was increased to about 37° C.-40° C. Once the particle size reached 5.0 μm (volume average), a borax solution was added at 0.4% of the total toner solids. After the addition of borax, the reserved shell Polyester Resin Emulsion B was added at 100 ml/min. The mixture was heated to about 45° C.-47° C. Once the particle size reached 6-6.5 μm (volume average), 4% NaOH was added in order to raise the pH to about 6.7-6.9 and stop particle growth. The temperature was then increased to 70° C., with dilute acetic acid was added to help the particles to coalesce at around 70° C. After the acetic acid was added, the temperature was increased to 83° C. and held there until the particles reached the desired circularity (above 0.97, measured on a Sysmex FPIA-3000 from Malvern). The toner was then washed and dried. Finishing agents were added so that the toner could be printed. The toner had a volume average particle size around 6.22 μm with 0.3% fines.

Example Toner E

Components were added to a 2 L reactor in the following percentages based on total solids of the emulsions (excluding dispersant amounts): 39.4% Polyester Resin Emulsion A (Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan), 15.1% Latex E, 4.3% Cyan Pigment Dispersion, 11.3% Wax Emulsion (Cytech Products, Inc.). Deionized water was added so that the final solids percentage of the toner (including the shell material) was 14%.

The remaining 29.5% consisted of Polyester Resin Emulsion B. This material, used to form a shell layer around the toner particles, was not added with the other components at the start of the agglomeration.

The core raw materials were stirred in the reactor at about 25° C. and a circulation loop was started consisting of a high shear mixer and an acid addition pump. The mixture was sent through the loop, with the high shear mixer set at 10,000 RPM. Acid was slowly added to the slurry passing through the high shear mixer in order to evenly disperse the acid throughout the toner mixture so that there were no pockets with a low pH. Acid addition took about five minutes with an acid charge of 0.7% based on toner solids. The sulfuric acid used during this step was diluted to 1% concentration before addition. The flow of the loop was then reversed to return the toner mixture to the reactor and the temperature of the reactor was increased to about 37° C.-40° C. Once the particle size reached 5.0 μm (volume average), a borax solution was added at 0.4% of the total toner solids. After the addition of borax, the reserved shell Polyester Resin Emulsion B was added at 100 ml/min. The mixture was heated to about 45° C.-47° C. Once the particle size reached 6-6.5 μm (volume average), 4% NaOH was added in order to raise the pH to about 6.7-6.9 and stop particle growth. The temperature was then increased to 70° C., with dilute acetic acid was added to help the particles to coalesce at around 70° C. After the acetic acid was added, the temperature was increased to 83° C. and held there until the particles reached the desired circularity (above 0.97, measured on a Sysmex FPIA-3000 from Malvern). The toner was then washed and dried. Finishing agents were added so that the toner could be printed. The toner had a volume average particle size around 5.91 μm with 0.3% fines.

Example Toner F

Components were added to a 2 L reactor in the following percentages based on total solids of the emulsions (excluding dispersant amounts): 39.4% Polyester Resin Emulsion A (Kao Corporation, Bunka Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan), 15.1% Latex F, 4.3% Cyan Pigment Dispersion, 11.3% Wax Emulsion (Cytech Products, Inc.). Deionized water was added so that the final solids percentage of the toner (including the shell material) was 14%.

The remaining 29.5% consisted of Polyester Resin Emulsion B. This material, used to form a shell layer around the toner particles, was not added with the other components at the start of the agglomeration.

The core raw materials were stirred in the reactor at about 25° C. and a circulation loop was started consisting of a high shear mixer and an acid addition pump. The mixture was sent through the loop, with the high shear mixer set at 10,000 RPM. Acid was slowly added to the slurry passing through the high shear mixer in order to evenly disperse the acid throughout the toner mixture so that there were no pockets with a low pH. Acid addition took about five minutes with an acid charge of 0.7% based on toner solids. The sulfuric acid used during this step was diluted to 1% concentration before addition. The flow of the loop was then reversed to return the toner mixture to the reactor and the temperature of the reactor was increased to about 37° C.-40° C. Once the particle size reached 5.0 μm (volume average), a borax solution was added at 0.4% of the total toner solids. After the addition of borax, the reserved shell Polyester Resin Emulsion B was added at 100 ml/min. The mixture was heated to about 45° C.-47° C. Once the particle size reached 6-6.5 μm (volume average), 4% NaOH was added in order to raise the pH to about 6.7-6.9 and stop particle growth. The temperature was then increased to 70° C., with dilute acetic acid was added to help the particles to coalesce at around 70° C. After the acetic acid was added, the temperature was increased to 83° C. and held there until the particles reached the desired circularity (above 0.97, measured on a Sysmex FPIA-3000 from Malvern). The toner was then washed and dried. Finishing agents were added so that the toner could be printed. The toner had a volume average particle size around 5.41 μm with 0.85% fines.

Control Toner

A commercially available core shell low temperature fusing polyester toner was used as the control toner and compared to the inventive toners. The control toner is Xerox® EA-Eco toner. EA-Eco is produced using an emulsion aggregation process.

Test Results

Tg and Ship/Store Results

The ship/store test involves using 8 gm of finished toner placed in a container with a 75 gm load placed over it. The system is then subjected a temperature of 50° C. for 48 hrs. The sample is removed from the heat and torque is measured using a probe. Toners that remain low in cohesion are categorized as passing the test. The temperature can also be increased to 52° C. to create a stress test to differentiate our top toner candidates. Ship/store is determined at 50° C. using a 75 g load for 48 hours, and a result below 60 is preferred and around 60 is acceptable. An acceptable low fusing temperature for a CPT is 180-190° C. or below.

TABLE 1 shows the the latex Tg and toner ship-store results. Ship/store is determined at 50° C. using a 75 g load for 48 hours. The lower the ship/store rating, the better the result.

TABLE 1

Glass Temperature

(Tg) and Ship/Store Ratings

Toner
Latex

Ship/store

Control
PE
Tg
52-57

Example Toner A
A
59.4
62

Example Toner A+
A+
60.8
58

Example Toner B
B
61.6
63

Example Toner C
C
62.9
62

Example Toner D
D
60.1
64

Example Toner E
E
60.8
63

Example Toner F
F
62.2
62

The results in Table 1 demonstrate that the Tg of the overall latex and the ship-store characteristics of the toner will not be significantly impacted by changes to the composition of the monomer composition, core/shell composition, or the addition of a liquid oil in the core, as long as the original monomer composition is within the accepted range for the Tg and ship-store. Further, the results indicate that soft cores achieved by monomer composition variation (such as in Toner C and D) significantly increases the ship/store rating, i.e., toners with soft cores by monomer composition variation will have less desirable ship/store properties despite having a shell that has a higher Tg for protection purposes. On the other hand, soft cores achieved by oil encapsulation (such as in Example Toner E and Example Toner F) does not significantly affect the Tg and ship/store characteristics.

Fusing Results

Each toner formulation was printed (but not fused) with toner coverage of 1.1 mg/cm2 on 24# Hammermill laser paper. The unfused sheet was then passed through a fusing robot at 60 ppm with varying heater set point temperatures at 5° C. intervals. For the scratch resistance test, the fused print samples were evaluated using a TABER ABRADER device from TABER Industries, North Tonawanda, N.Y., USA. The printed samples were evaluated on the TABER ABRADER scale from 0 to 10 (where a rating of 10 indicates the most scratch resistance). The TABER ABRADER device scratches the printed samples multiple times with different forces until the toner is scratched off the sample. The point at which the toner is scratched off corresponds with a number rating between 0 and 10 on the TABER ABRADER scale.

Table 2 compares the toner fusing data of the various example toners at a number of fusing temperatures.

TABLE 2

Fusing Data

Scratch Test

Fusing

Temp.
Control

(° C.)
Toner
Toner A
Toner A+
Toner B
Toner C
Toner D
Toner E
Toner F

175
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
—
—

180
CO
7
CO
CO
CO
4
—
—

185
10
8
7
4
7
6
10
9.6

190
10
10
8.6
8
8
7.6
10
10

195
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

200
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

205
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

210
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

215
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

220
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

225
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

230
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

The fusing data in TABLE 2 shows that while there is only a slight difference in the Tg variation in the latex, the fusing is very sensitive to the amount of cross-linking agent in the latex. Example Toner B, with an increased amount of cross-linking agent showed a marked inferiority in fusing compared to the Control and other Example Toners.

As previously mentioned, soft cores are often preferred for fusing as opposed to harder cores, such as that in Example Toner C. Even when compensated by a softer shell, Example Toner C only showed a minimal improvement in fusing. Further, the soft shell would adversely affect the ship/store properties. On the other hand, maintaining the same overall monomer composition but decreasing the core Tg while increasing the shell Tg, as in Example Toner D, is found to be better for efficient fusing. However, as mentioned above, having a soft core with low Tg monomers often prove detrimental to the ship/store property of a toner. Moreover, Example Toner E and Example Toner F, each with formed liquid gel core, showed desirable low temperature fusing comparable to Example Toner D. This result shows that formed liquid gel core improves the fusing in the lower temperature range while maintaining the overall Tg of the latex and the ship-store properties of the toner.

The foregoing description of several embodiments of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present disclosure to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the present disclosure be defined by the claims appended hereto.