0001 This invention refers to a method for producing paints, especially by mixing predetermined amounts of liquid products. It also relates to a tintometric system and a liquid basic product for making paints. 0002 The methods for producing coloured paints have for some time been based on so-called tintometric systems. The underlying idea of said systems is to colour a basic product with good covering characteristics guaranteed, for example by the presence of a predetermined percentage of coloured pigments which, by mixing with each other and with the basic product, give the finished paint the desired colour. The percentages of colouring products necessary to obtain a specific colour are established by proportional formulae worked out by the producers of basic products and colourings. 0003 However, the use, alone, of basic products containing TiO2 does not allow all the colours in the whole colour range to be achieved. Although the covering power of a black pigment is very strong, for example, it will never be possible to obtain a completely black paint if the basic product contains small percentages, even very weak ones, of TiO2 which, as is well known, is white in colour: this white colour would inevitably contaminate the black and would therefore give a paint which was more or less grey in colour. Therefore, to obtain the colour black, as well as many other very dark colours, tintometric systems have been suggested. Besides the group of basic products containing predetermined percentages of TiO2, these include a transparent basic productthat is, without TiO2containing mainly a thickening neutral-coloured or only slightly covering product called a filler (mastic), which is used to give body to the finished paint so that it acquires the desired consistency. 0004 For the above-mentioned reasons, even the known and the most improvised tintometric system must necessarily provide for the selection and use, according to the desired colour of the finished paint, of a basic product chosen from a group including two distinct basic products: a white basic product, containing high percentages of TiO2, typically about 20%, and a neutral one, without TiO2. The selection of one or the other type of basic product is normally made by specialised personnel, referring to instructions supplied by the producers of the colouring products in relation to the specific colour desired for the final paint. 0005 Of course, in this tintometric system, which is limited to two single basic products, the optimum yield is generally obtained only for colours that are at the two ends of the colour range, that is, for very dark colours (in order to obtain these, neutral basic products must be used) or for pastel colours (produced from white basic products with a high TiO2 content). Certain producers of colourings have proposed tintometric systems that use more than two basic products to try to obtain optimum results equally in the intermediate field of colours between dark colours and pastel colours, while other producers have even proposed coloured basic products, as well as white bases with a different TiO2 strength, and the neutral or transparent one. In some cases, the point has even been reached whereby tintometric systems have been proposed, which, according to the desired colour of the finished paint, provide for the selection and use of a basic product chosen from a group that includes as many as ten different types. 0006 We immediately notice that tintometric systems are in the process of evolving towards an ever greater number of basic products, seeking to optimise the use of coloured pigmentswhich are certainly costly and often also pollutingin order to reduce the percentages of said pigments necessary for the production of all the colours in the colour range, while at the same time guaranteeing satisfactory covering characteristics. This evolution, however, involves serious disadvantages in the production of finished paints since they require more and more specialised personnel to select the right basic product to obtain the desired colour of paint. The use of different basic products also means increasing the stocks needed to guarantee the constant availability of the most suitable basic product to produce a specific paint. The industrial production-methods and the management, even commercial, of different basic products, naturally involve high costs and long time-spans. 0007 Paradoxically, if we take to extreme lengths the trend that has recently manifested itself, that is, to supply an ever greater number of basic products, we would very soon find ourselves facing the same problems (large warehouse stocks and low product rotation) which, in the past, led to the adoption of the first tintometric systems. 0008 The disadvantages outlined above are magnified by the fact that, normally, paints with different chemical and physical characteristics have to be produced according to their applications and for each type of paint it will be necessary to provide for a different group of basic products, as defined by the tintometric system adopted. If, therefore, one wants to have basic varnish products suitable for different usesappropriate, for example, for inside or outside, for applying on different surfaces (wood, stone, brick, glass, paper, etc.), for professional or amateur use, or with special characteristics of transpiration, anti-mildew, high or low quality, etc.it will therefore be necessary, with traditional tintometric systems, to have an enormous number of bases in stock, causing several problems as one might easily imagine, namely, of management, restocking and storage. 0009 The aim of this invention is to solve the drawbacks of the known technique and in particular, to overcome completely the problems that arise with the evolution of tintometric systems and the latest trends, as briefly mentioned above. The aim of the invention is above all to supply a method of producing paints that can be carried out easily and, if possible, automated so that even an inexpert user can obtain a coloured paint to his or her liking without having to worry about selecting the most suitable basic product each time, to obtain the final colour he or she desires to give to the finished product. 0010 Another aim of the invention is to produce a production system for paints that allows the use of coloured pigments and the covering power of the finished paint to be optimised. 0011 In order to be able to achieve the above-mentioned aims, the invention has as its subject a method of the type indicated in the preface to this description, characterised in that it is composed of the following phases: 0012 a) preparation of a liquid monobasic component comprising proportionately predetermined amounts of a binding element and a filler element; 0013 b) addition of predetermined amounts of at least one liquid component selected from the group including: 0014 a liquid component comprising TiO2 titanium white; 0015 liquid component comprising a filler element, 0016 to the liquid monobasic component, when the final paint is prepared and in keeping with formula which are predetermined and optimised according to the colour desired for said final paint. 0017 To obtain a final paint in a colour different from white, one or more liquid components comprising pigments or colouring elements are added to the liquid monobasic component. 0018 In other words, the basic idea of the invention consists of the initial preparation of one single liquid product, which we will call by the name of monobasic hereafter in this description, ready to be used to formulate paints of any desired colour, by adding, in a selective, optimum manner, titanium white, pigments and filler. 0019 Finally, the invention allows the formulation of the basic product, in the traditional meaning of the term, according to the colour to be obtained, which distinguishes it radically from the tintometric systems already in existence where the formula for the different basic products is strictly pre-established by the producer. 0020 The advantages of the invention are immediately recognisable. First of all, the amounts of products in the warehouse are considerably reduced since it is generally only necessary to keep stocks of colourings, titanium white and filler, along with only one other basic product for each specific application which, in the rest of this description, will be correctly identified by the above term monobasic in order to distinguish it from the basic products of traditional tintometric systems. 0021 Another important advantage derives from the fact that, according to the invention, it is possible to optimise the amount of colourings necessary to obtain each colour shade in the colour range, while at the same time optimising the covering power of the finished paint. One should, in fact, take into account the fact that the greatest cost in a finished paint is represented by the colourings or pigments used to produce it and, in addition, that said colourings and pigments are normally polluting for the environment and must therefore be eliminated in an appropriate manner, which logically involves extra costs such as, for example, the receptacles to contain them. With the possibility of varying the TiO2 titanium white content, according to each specific colour shade, one can achieve the optimum minimum level of colourings needed to obtain this same colour shade without it being necessaryas happens with the known techniqueto add, for example, surplus amounts of colourings to correct or compensate an excess of TiO2 in the traditional basic product 0022 Another advantage of the invention lies in the possibility of almost completely automating the production process of finished paints. Since it is not necessary to have specialised personnel to select the type of basic product which is most suitable for producing a finished product in the desired colour, it is possible to produce a dispensing machine which distributes, into a can or recipient pre-filled with monobasic product, predefined amounts of colourings, TiO2 and filler, plus any thinning agents and additives, in water or solvent, in order to obtain the desired colour of paint. 0023 Other characteristics and advantages will be seen in the detailed description that follows, relating to examples concerning productions which must not, however, be considered as limiting for the invention. 0024 In general terms, a finished paint is composed of the following elements or groups of main elements that define its chemical-physical properties: 0025 a) one or more film-forming or binding substances, to which the hardness and the glossiness of painted surfaces can be attributed, amongst which we would mention, for example, synthetic resins like phenolic, acrylic, alkyd, epoxy, styrene and polyurethane resins, etc., or cellulose derivatives (e.g. nitro-cellulose and acetyl cellulose) or natural resins (e.g. copal), and others which are normally known to experts in the sector; 0026 b) filling substances, fillers or thickeners, such as, for example, calcium carbonate CaCO3, which gives body to the paint or varnish; 0027 c) a diluting agent such as, for example, a solvent or water; 0028 d) one or more pigments, including TiO2 titanium white and/or various types of coloured pigments, natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic, having specifically a different covering power; 0029 e) various additives, such as anti-mildew, anti-fermenting, quick-drying, anti-skinning compounds, etc. 0030 According to the invention, one single monobasic product is prepared and this will contain predetermined proportions of binding element and filler, diluted in water or solvent depending on use and the characteristics of the finished varnish product. The additives, which generally have relatively low percentages in a paint, can either be already added to the monobasic product or added afterwards in the preparation of the finished paint. 0031 In order to produce a finished paint in any colour selected from the whole colour range, amounts of filler and pigments are added to a predetermined amount of monobasic product, selected according to the end-use of the paint (and not on the basis of the colour which the paint must have, as happens in the case of traditional tintometric systems); the percentages of said fillers and pigments are predetermined and the latter also contain TiO2 titanium white, as well as the usual coloured pigments, so that the total of the amounts of monobasic product, additional filler and pigments (as well as any additives, in the case where these are added to the monobase and are not already dispersed in the latter) give the total amount of paint required, in the desired colour. The percentages of filler and pigments are defined by a formula predetermined by the manufacturer of the monobasic product and the colourings, who defines the optimum ratios of the different components in order to supply an optimised finished paint for each colour in the colour range.

EXAMPLE 1 0032 High quality paints have a high content of binding element and pigments, which are more costly than the filler, and which give the paint a good covering power and a good yield, thus making it more appropriate for professional use. 0033 To obtain a high quality ivory coloured paint, a high quality monobase must be selected, comprising about 35% of one or more binding substances and about 20% of a known filler with, possibly, about 14% additives. All said elements should be diluted in water or solvent, for example, depending on the type of binding or film-forming substances and, finally, the end-use for which the finished varnish product is intended. 0034 To obtain a certain yield of final paint, corresponding to a value of 100% of a parameter which we will call fill level, we start from a preparation already containing about 72% fill level of the monobasic product described above. To achieve a fill level of 100%, the user or the dispensing machine will add about 28% of additional components to this monobasic product, schematically divided as follows: 25% TiO2 in water or solvent and 3% yellow universal colouring. The paint that results from mixing the monobase with the additional components is ivory in colour and is of high quality thanks to the high presence of about a total 25% binding substance.

EXAMPLE 2 0035 To obtain a high quality grey-coloured paint, we start from the identical monobasic product as in Example 1. 0036 To achieve a fill level of 100%, we start from a preparation already containing about 72% of the monobasic product described above. The user or the dispensing machine must add about 28% of additional components to this monobasic product, schematically divided as follows: 10% TiO2 in water or solvent and 3% black universal colouring, having a well-known covering power superior to that of yellow universal colouring, as well as 15% filler.

EXAMPLE 3 0037 To obtain a high quality black paint, we start from the identical monobasic product as in Example 1. 0038 To achieve a fill level of 100%, we start from a preparation already containing about 72% of the monobasic product described above. The user or the dispensing machine must add about 28% of additional components to this monobasic product, schematically divided as follows: 10% of black universal colouring, as well as 18% filler.

EXAMPLE 4 0039 Unlike high quality paints, low quality paints have a higher amount of fillerless expensive than binding element and pigmentsand they are therefore more suitable for use by amateurs. 0040 To obtain a low quality ivory-coloured paint, we start from a monobase containing about 11% of one or more known binding elements and about 44% of a known filler, possibly in addition to about 11% additives. All said elements are diluted in water or solvent according to the characteristics of the binding element (film-forming substance) and, finally, of the use for which the finished painting product that we aim to obtain is intended. 0041 To achieve a fill level of 100%, we start from a preparation already containing about 90% of the monobasic product described above. To this monobase, the user or the dispensing machine must add 10% of additional components, schematically divided as follows: 9.5% TiO2 in water or solvent and 0.5% yellow universal colouring. The resulting paint, after mixing the monobase with the additional components is a low quality paint, because of the strong presence of fillerabout 40% of the total paintin relation to the binding element.

EXAMPLE 5 0042 To obtain a low quality grey-coloured paint we start from a monobase identical to the one shown in Example 4. 0043 To achieve a fill level of 100%, we start from a preparation already containing about 90% of the monobase described above. To this monobase, the user or the dispensing machine must add about 10% of additional components, schematically divided as follows: 3% TiO2 in water or solvent and 0.5% universal black colouring and also 6.5% filler. The resulting paint, after mixing the monobase with the additional components, is a low quality paint, because of the strong presence of filler, which is over 45%.

EXAMPLE 6 0044 To obtain a low quality black paint we start from a monobase identical to the one shown in Example 4. 0045 To achieve a fill level of 100% we start from a preparation already containing about 90% of the monobase described above. To this monobase, the user or the dispensing machine must add about 10% of additional components schematically divided as follows: 3% universal black colouring and also 7% filler. The resulting paint, after mixing the monobase with the additional components, is a low quality paint because of the strong presence of filler, equal to about 47% of the total paint. 0046 The different percentages shown in the preceding examples are given mainly to allow comparisons to be made and must not therefore be considered as limiting and, consequently, they must not reduce the possibilities of making this invention, or the embodiments of it, which may be put into concrete form by an expert technician in the sector who is prepared to learn the instructions contained in this description. The percentages in the preceding examples are summarised in Table 1 below for the sole purposes of comparison. 1TABLE 1ContentFillerMonobase type (composition)Paint Typein MonobaseContent in pigmentsaddedHigh Quality:H. Q. Ivory72% High Quality25% TiO20%approx. 35% binding elem., H.monobase3% yellow col. 20% filler,Q. Grey10% TiO215%14% additives and solvent or H2OH.3% black col. as necessaryQ. Black0% TiO218%10% black col.Low Quality:L. Q. Ivory90% Low Quality9.5% TiO20%Approx. 11% binding elem., 44%monobase0.5% yellow col. filler,L. Q. Grey3% TiO26.5%11% additives and0.5% black col. solvent or H2OL. Q. Black0% TiO27%as necessary3% black col.

0047 The difference between the two low and high quality types of paint, is given as an example to show how the only choices which have necessarily to be made by a user in making a finished paint are the selection of the desired coloration and the monobasic product in the most suitable quality according to the use for which the final paint product is intended (professional or amateur use). The percentages shown are, of course, by way of indication only and serve to illustrate by examples the innovative concept on which this invention is based, since the exact formulations can be obtained through experimentation by producers of paint products on the basis of the chemical-physical properties of the components and specific substances comprising the binding elements, fillers, colourings, etc. 0048 It is important to notice how the results, which can be obtained with this invention, cannot be achieved simply by adopting the normal transparent or neutral basic product of traditional tintometric systems instead of the monobasic product in this invention. Said known basic transparent products, in fact, have a fairly high filler content and are suitable for making dark paints by adding low amounts of dark colourings which, as is well known, have a high covering power. If, with a traditional transparent base, we have to make a pastel coloured paint with a satisfactory covering power, it would be necessary to add to it such high amounts of pigment that they would change the structure of the paint itself and would anyway be such as to lead to a rise in the cost of the paint to unacceptable levels. 0049 The use for which the varnish or paint product is intended in relation to this invention defines the type of monobasic product adopted for the whole colour range of the finished varnish product. Although there is a distinction made in the preceding examples between a high quality monobasic product and a low quality monobasic product, it is, of course, possible to have a different tintometric system, intended for the production of medium quality paints in comparison to those mentioned above. The components for producing paints which, in addition to the monobase, complete the tintometric system in this invention (pigments, titanium white, fillers and any additives) are supplied in a liquid form that is easy to transport in containers for liquids and simple to handle in the production of paint by means of, for example, the use of a generally known type of liquid dispensing machines.

EXAMPLE 7 0050 In order to obtain a medium quality white water varnish product, which is satisfactory, for example, for a semi-professional type of use, it is necessary to prepare a liquid monobasic product and a TiO2 solution. 0051 The monobasic liquid is composed of about 24% binding emulsion, about 36% filler, about 6% cellulose paste and about 12% additives. All said elements are diluted in water, which reaches about 22% of the total volume of the monobase. The monobase therefore comes in liquid form, packaged in cans, and is easily transportable in containers of different formats. 0052 The TiO2 titanium white solution is composed of about 75% in volume of TiO2, about 1% bactericide, and about 2% dispersing or wetting agent. All said elements are diluted in water, which therefore reaches about 22% of the total volume of the TiO2 solution. 0053 Given the liquid components (liquid monobase and TiO2 solution) specified above, a white varnish product or white finished paint can be obtained by adding and mixing with an amount of liquid monobasic product, equal to 80% of the fill level, the remaining 20% of liquid solution of TiO2 necessary to reach the fill level of 100%. The percentage in volume of each element in the finished paint product will therefore be about 20% (19.2%) binding emulsion, about 30% (28.8%) filler, about 15% TiO2, about 5% (4.8%) cellulose paste, and about 10% (10.2%) additives. All said elements are diluted in water equal to about 22% of the total volume of finished product, since both the monobase and the titanium white are already supplied with a watery solution. 0054 The percentages of the different elements present in the liquid components that comprise the finished paint are summarised in Table 2 below: 2TABLE 2White paintLiquid monobasic80% monobaseElementcomponentTiO2 component20% TiO2 solutionEmulsion24%0%19.2%Water22%22%22.0%Filler36%0%28.8%TiO20%75%15%Cellulose5%0%4.8%pasteAdditives12%3% ( 2% 10.2%1%)

EXAMPLE 8 0055 If, again using the liquid monobase in the preceding example, we want to obtain paints in different shades of grey until we arrive at the colour black, it is sufficient to prepare a liquid filler component and a black universal colouring component, in addition to the liquid components shown above (liquid monobase and TiO2 solution) 0056 The liquid filler component, for example, is composed of about 68% in volume of a mixture of products, filler dusts for example, of known type (the real filler element), about 2% cellulose paste, 3% binding emulsion, about 1% bactericide, about 1% dispersing or wetting agent. All said elements are diluted in the water, which therefore reaches about 25% in volume of the total of the liquid filler component. 0057 The black universal colouring is of a type generally known in the sector and is already supplied in liquid form; it can therefore be easily mixed with the other components in the paint. The exact composition of the colouring does not influence this invention which only proposes to optimise, by reducing it to the minimum, the amount of colouring necessary to obtain the finished coloured product desired. 0058 Given the four liquid components mentioned above (canned liquid monobase, liquid filler, TiO2 and black colouring which can be distributed), it is possible to obtain, for example: 0059 a light grey paint by mixing about 18% of TiO2 solution and about 2% of black colouring with a monobase in a can filled to about 80% of the fill level, in order to obtain thus the fill level of 100%; 0060 a medium grey paint by mixing about 10% of TiO2 solution, about 4% of black colouring and also adding about 6% of liquid filler product, with a monobase in a can filled to about 80% of the fill level, in order to reach the total fill level of 100%; 0061 a dark grey paint by mixing about 4% of TiO2 solution, about 6% of black colouring and then adding about 10% of liquid filler product, with a monobase in a can filled to about 80% of the fill level, in order to reach the total fill level of 100%; 0062 a black paint by mixing about 8% of black colouring and about 12% of liquid filler product, with a monobase in a can filled to about 80% of the fill level, with no need to add the TiO2 solution. 0063 The liquid monobase component is prepared in cans and containers that are already ready to receive the other components, given the substantial consistency in the percentage of liquid monobase component necessary to obtain paints in any colour in the colour range. Referring to the last examples 7 and 8, it is therefore possible to prepare, in the warehouse, containers of the required sizes, which are already filled to 80% of their volume with the single liquid monobase component used for the preparation of the final paints. 0064 With the system of this invention it is therefore possible to reduce the number of components to be assembled when a paint in the desired colour from the whole colour range is being produced. The fundamental principle is that of formulating the base, as it is traditionally understood, from a single monobase for each quality of paint, by adding TiO2 and/or fillerin predetermined amounts of above or equal to 0% according to the final colour desiredwhen the colour itself is prepared. This addition of possible amounts of titanium white and of filler component may of course be done either by hand or automatically with the aid of a dispensing machine, as already happens in the traditional tintometric systems, referring to the distribution of coloured pigments in the known bases. With this invention, the use of colouring is optimised as it is never added in amounts that are larger than necessary since, unlike what happens in the traditional tintometric systems, it is never necessary to counterbalance an excess or a lack of titanium white. The resulting economy in the use of colourings is immediately translated into a lower cost for the finished paint, as well as in a lesser impact on the environment caused by the general noxiousness of the colourings themselves. To sum up, thanks to this invention, for each determined quality of finished paint, the covering power of the finished paint itself is also optimised. 0065 It being understood that the principle of the invention naturally remains valid, its production characteristics and embodiments may vary in relation to the above description without thereby departing from the scope of the inventive concept.