In this illustrative example, phased array antennas 208 comprise transmitters 211 and receivers 212. In this illustrative example, transmitters 211 and receivers 212 include phase array apertures that are comprised of elements that operate to transmit or receive beams. These elements can also be referred to as antenna elements.

In this example, transmitters 211 are connected to the base structure 210. Transmitters 211 transmit using a first plurality of satellite frequency bands 202. Receivers 212 also are connected to base structure 210. In this example, receivers 212 receive using a second plurality of satellite frequency bands 202.

A transmitter in transmitters 211 is a hardware component that comprises elements and electronics that are used to transmit beams 242. These elements include antenna elements that are used to transmit a beam. A receiver in receivers 212 is a hardware component that comprises elements and electronics that are used to receive a beam. These elements also include antenna elements and are used to receive a beam. The electronics in these examples can include amplifiers, filters, phase shifters, time delays, distribution networks, and other components used to operate the elements.

In these illustrative examples, a satellite frequency band 215 is a specific range of radio frequencies used for satellite communication. Examples of satellite frequency bands 202 include L-, S-, C-, X-, Ku-, K-, Ka-, Q-, V-bands. A satellite using a satellite frequency band can transmit or receive using a frequency within that satellite frequency band.

As depicted, radome 206 is a structural enclosure that protects components. In this example, radome 206 covers transmitters 211 and receivers 212 connected to base structure 210. Radome 206 physically shields transmitters 211 and receivers 212 from the environment around aircraft 201 without interfering with the operation of these antennas. Radome 206 can function to protect these antennas from airflow around the aircraft, adverse weather conditions, temperature extremes, impacts, or other undesired contact while enabling communication signals to pass through the radome 206 in both directions.

In this illustrative example, selected transmitter 214 in transmitters 211 transmits using satellite frequency band 215 in the satellite frequency bands 202 and is positioned at a distance from selected receiver 217 in the receivers 212 using satellite frequency band 215 in satellite frequency bands 202 on base structure 210 with a number of other transmitters and receivers located between selected transmitter 214 and selected receiver 217 on base structure 210. These transmitters and receivers comprise phased array antennas having antenna elements, phase shifters or time delays, distribution networks, and electronics.

In one illustrative example, the distance is a maximum physical distance possible between selected transmitter 214 and selected receiver 217. In other words, to improve radio frequency isolation and reduce interference, the greatest distance possible between these two components is used with respect to the placement of other transmitters and receivers on base structure 210.

In one illustrative example, selected transmitter 214 is a Ku-band transmitter and selected receiver 217 is a Ku-band receiver. In this example, the receive frequency is a part of a Ku-band from 10.7 GHz to 12.7 GHz and the transmit frequency is a part of the Ku-band from 14 GHz to 14.5 GHz.

With this example, the positioning of these two components is such that the Ku-band transmitter and the Ku-band receiver are located on opposite ends of the base structure 210. This positioning provides the distance in the form of a maximum physical distance in this example.

In another illustrative example, selected transmitter 214 is a Ka-band transmitter and selected receiver 217 is a K-band receiver. In this example, the transmit frequency is a part of a Ka-band from 27.5 to 31 GHz. The receive frequency is a part of a K-band from 17.7 GHz to 21.2 GHz. In this example, the Ka-band transmitter and the K-band receiver are located on opposite ends of base structure 210.

In other illustrative examples, the distance does not necessarily need to be a maximum physical distance. Instead, this distance can be selected as a value that reduces or avoids interference between selected transmitter 214 and selected receiver 217 when components are operating at the same time.

In this illustrative example, transmitters 211 and receivers 212 are positioned such that interference between transmitters 211 and receivers 212 is reduced. Selection of positions can depend on satellite frequency bands 202 used by the different components and based on when components may operate at the same time. For example, if a transmitter and a receiver both operate using the same satellite frequency band and can operate at the same time, position can be selected to reduce interference between the transmitter and receiver.

In these examples, transmitters 211 can further comprise a transmitter that transmits using a Ka-band. In this example, receivers 212 can further comprise a receiver that receives using the K-band. With this example, the Ku-band transmitter and the Ku-band receiver are located on opposite ends of the base structure and wherein the Ka-band transmitter and the K-band receiver are located between the Ku-band transmitter and the Ku-band receiver.

The positioning of receivers and transmitters can also be selected to provide the greatest separation between a transmitter and a receiver using the same satellite bands. This positioning of receivers and transmitters can also be selected to provide the greatest separation between a transmitter and a receiver using different satellite bands. By increasing the physical separation between different components that operate using frequencies that are closer than the frequencies used by other components, interference can be reduced in aircraft satellite communications system 203.

In one illustrative example, two transmitters and two receivers are used in aircraft satellite communications system 203. In this example, the base structure 210 with the two transmitters and the two receivers is a standard, such as ARINC 792. In other words, these components are designed and placed such that the standards requirements of ARINC 792 are met. ARINC 792 is a standard that sets out the desired characteristics of a second-generation aviation Ku-band and Ka-band satellite communication (satcom) system intended for installation in all types of aircraft.

In this illustrative example, controller 209 controls the operation of phased array antennas 208. In these illustrative examples, controller 209 can be implemented in software, hardware, firmware or a combination thereof. When software is used, the operations performed by controller 209 can be implemented in program instructions configured to run on hardware, such as a processor unit. When firmware is used, the operations performed by controller 209 can be implemented in program instructions and data and stored in persistent memory to run on a processor unit. When hardware is employed, the hardware can include circuits that operate to perform the operations in controller 209.

In the illustrative examples, the hardware can take a form selected from at least one of a circuit system, an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device, or some other suitable type of hardware configured to perform a number of operations. With a programmable logic device, the device can be configured to perform the number of operations. The device can be reconfigured at a later time or can be permanently configured to perform the number of operations. Programmable logic devices include, for example, a programmable logic array, a programmable array logic, a field-programmable logic array, a field-programmable gate array, and other suitable hardware devices. Additionally, the processes can be implemented in organic components integrated with inorganic components and can be comprised entirely of organic components excluding a human being. For example, the processes can be implemented as circuits in organic semiconductors.

In this example, controller 209 can be located in computer system 213, which is a physical hardware system and includes one or more data processing systems. When more than one data processing system is present in computer system 213, those data processing systems are in communication with each other using a communications medium. The communications medium can be a network. The data processing systems can be selected from at least one of a computer, a server computer, a tablet computer, or some other suitable data processing system.

As depicted, computer system 213 includes a number of processor units that are capable of executing program instructions implementing processes in the illustrative examples. In other words, program instructions are computer-readable program instructions.

Controller 209 can control transmitters 211 to transmit information and control receivers 212 to receive information. Further in this example, the control of phased array antennas 208 performed by controller 209 can include controlling when and how phased array antennas 208 receive and transmit satellite signals. Further, controller 209 can operate to reduce interference from the operation of transmitters in phased array antennas 208. For example, controller 209 can include hardware to reduce cosine interference and other interference that can occur from multiple transmitters operating at the same time. In other illustrative examples, controller 209 can reduce this interference by controlling the operation of phased array antennas 208 such that a single transmitter transmits at any particular time.

In some illustrative examples, interference can also be reduced through the use of structural components. For example, corrugation grooves that are configured to provide a desired amount of attenuation between a receiver and transmitter can be implemented. These grooves can be implemented in a structure located between the receiver and the transmitter such that attenuation of the radio frequencies occurs at the receiver while the transmitter is transmitting the radio frequencies. Interference can also be reduced using meta materials or other absorptive materials. These meta materials are resonant at the frequency of interest to suppress the flow currents at that frequency that can cause interference. This use of at least one of the grooves, meta materials, or other absorptive or suppressive materials attenuates the signals from the transmitter that flow to the receiver and increases transmitter to receiver isolation. As result, interference is reduced using these and other techniques.

Controller 209 can also include power management features 261. For example, controller 209 can selectively power different antennas and phased array antennas 308 in FIG. 3 based on power usage of those phased array antennas.

Returning to FIG. 2, in one illustrative example, controller 209 can subdivide transmit elements 230 in transmitter 231 in transmitters 211 into multiple apertures 232. Transmit elements 230 can be grouped into regions such that multiple apertures 232 are present. These groups of transmit elements 230 can be controlled independently to transmit signals in the form of beams. In this example, transmit elements 230 are antenna elements used to transmit signals such as those that form a beam.

Controller 209 can then transmit information from transmitter 231 in a number of beams 242 using a number of multiple apertures 232.

In this illustrative example, an aperture represents a region of antenna elements that work together to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. These individual antenna elements can have their phase adjusted electronically, allowing the entire array to steer the direction of the main beam without physically moving the antenna. The manipulation of phase or time among the antenna elements allows the phased array to control the way its aperture interacts with electromagnetic waves, thereby determining the direction and shape of the transmitted or received signals or beams. An aperture can be subdivided into multiple apertures 232 such that the different antenna elements in the different apertures work together to form different beams.

Further in this example, controller 209 selects aperture size 243 for aperture 244 that enables using the amplifiers for transmit elements 230 in aperture 244 at a power level that controls the amplifiers for transmit elements 230 in aperture 244 to emit beam 249 in the number of beams 242 toward satellite 245 with the desired level of power 246 for satellite type 247 of satellite 245.

In this example, satellite type 247 can be, for example, a GEO satellite, a MEO satellite, or a LEO satellite. These different types of satellites orbit at different distances from the earth and thus require different transmit powers. For example, a GEO satellite may require maximum transmitter amplifier saturation to effectively and efficiently reach the GEO satellite. However, for transmitting to a LEO satellite, using too much power can result in beam 249 in the number of beams 242 to transmit with power that may over-saturate the input stage of the receiving satellite 245. Thus, controller 209 must control the desired level of power 246 for maximum efficiency in effectively transmitting to each satellite type 247 of satellite 245.

In this example, rather than reducing the power to all of the amplifiers in a transmitter to a LEO satellite, the transmitter can be divided into multiple apertures 232. Aperture 244 in multiple apertures 232 can transmit the information in a beam 249 in beams 242 in which the subset of amplifiers are used to transmit to a LEO satellite at full power and operating in a saturation mode for maximum efficiency. This provides for the greater efficiency in energy use in transmitting information to different types of satellites at different distances from the aircraft.

In another illustrative example, controller 209 can subdivide receive elements 250 in receiver 251 of receivers 212 into multiple apertures 252. Receive elements 250 are antenna elements that operate to receive signals. In this example, controller 209 can receive information from a number of beams 260 using a number of multiple apertures 252.

In these examples, more EIRP and G/T is needed to connect to a GEO satellite as compared to a MEO satellite or a LEO satellite. With less EIRP and G/T, subdividing an aperture into multiple apertures for a receiver or a transmitter in phased array antennas 208 enables having an increased number of beams resulting in connections from the aircraft to the satellites. In these examples, each additional aperture enables using an additional beam to receiver transmit information.

Further, aircraft satellite communications system 203 can also include thermal management 280. Thermal management 280 includes features or components that are selected to reduce thermal issues that can occur from using multiple ones of transmitters 211 and receivers 212 in phased array antennas 208. Thermal management 280 can include at least one of transmitter placement on base structure 210, receiver placement on base structure 210, a thermal conductor structure, a heat transfer fin, an air flow structure, a fan, a heat transfer unit, an insulator, or other suitable features that can draw off heat generated by transmitters 211. These thermal management features can be selected to perform heat transfer or increasing convection such that heat generation by transmitters 211 do not affect the performance or operation of the transmitters.

For example, the phased array antennas for transmitters and receivers can include metallic cold-plates to remove heat from electronics and spread the heat away from these components. Further, thermal management 280 can also include mechanisms such as passive and active heat spreaders. These heat spreaders can include heat-pipes, liquid cooling, fins, and other suitable components.

With reference to FIG. 3, an illustration of a communications environment is depicted in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. In this illustrative example, communications environment 300 is an environment in which satellite communications can be provided to aircraft 301 using aircraft satellite communications system 302. In this example, communications environment 101 in FIG. 1 is an example of an implementation for communications environment 300. Aircraft satellite communications system 302 communicates with aircraft 301 using connectors 324 and connection points 326. In this illustrative example, aircraft satellite communications system 302 includes phased array antenna system 304 and radome 306.

In this illustrative example, phased array antenna system 304 comprises phased array antennas 308 and base structure 310. In this example, phased array antennas 308 can be used instead of mechanical satellite antennas that rotate or move. These phased array antennas can take up less space as compared to mechanical satellite antennas. In this illustrative example, phased array antennas 308 comprises Ku-band receiver 316, Ku-band transmitter 318, K-band receiver 320 and Ka-band transmitter 322.

As depicted, phased array antennas 308 are connected to base structure 310. Base structure 310 is a structure that supports the different components in aircraft satellite communications system 302. In this illustrative example, base structure 310 has connectors 324 that connect to connection points 326 on aircraft 301. In this illustrative example, connectors 324 are configured such that changes to connection points 326 are not needed. In other words, base structure 310 can be connected to aircraft 301 using existing connection points.

In this illustrative example, aircraft satellite communications system 302 fits inside of radome 306, which is an enclosure that protects phased array antenna system 304 and is constructed of a material that is transparent to radio frequency signals transmitted and received by phased array antenna system 304. As depicted, the selection of phased array antennas 308 is made such that the phased array antennas 308 and base structure 310 can fit under radome 306 without needing changes to radome 306.

In this illustrative example, aircraft satellite communications system 302 meets ARINC 792 standards. For example, base structure 310, Ku-band receiver 316, Ku-band transmitter 318, K-band receiver 320 and Ka-band transmitter 322 meet ARINC 792 standards. Additionally, connectors 324 have dimensions and arrangements corresponding to connection points 326 that meet ARINC 792 standards. In other examples, aircraft satellite communications system 302 can be designed and constructed to meet other standards or specifications.

In this illustrative example, phased array antenna system 304 also includes thermal management 330. Thermal management 330 includes features or components that are selected to reduce thermal issues that can occur from using multiple transmitters and receivers in phased array antenna system 304. Thermal management 330 can include at least one of transmitter placement on base structure 310, receiver placement on base structure 310, a thermal conductor structure, one or more heat transfer fins, an air flow structure, a fan, a heat transfer unit, an insulator, or other suitable features that can draw off heat generated by transmitters.

These thermal management features can be selected to perform heat transfer or convection such that heat generation by transmitters do not affect the performance or operation of the transmitters.

Additionally, phased array antenna system 304 can also include electronics 332. Electronics 332 control the operation of phased array antennas 308. Electronics 332 comprises hardware circuits and may include computers. Further, electronics 332 can include software that is used by the hardware.

The control of phased array antennas 308 can include controlling when and how phased array antennas 308 receive and transmit satellite signals. Further, electronics 332 reduce interference from the operation of transmitters in phased array antenna system 304. For example, electronics 332 can include hardware to reduce cosine interference and other interference that can occur from multiple transmitters operating at the same time.

In other illustrative examples, electronics 332 can reduce this interference by controlling the operation of phased array antennas 308 such that beam directionality is controlled or a single transmitter transmits at any particular time.

Electronics 332 can also include power management features. For example, electronics 332 can selectively power different antennas and phased array antennas 308 at different power levels based on power usage of those phased array antennas.

In the illustrative examples, phased array antenna system 304 can use multiple receivers and transmitters for multiple satellite bands in a package that has the same form factor as currently used satellite antenna systems for aircraft. Further, increased flexibility in communications can be obtained by having multiple types of transmitters. For example, a transmitter can be used based on the transmitter having the best quality for transmitting information. As another example, increased bandwidth can be obtained through using multiple transmitters and receivers at the same time. In yet another illustrative example, one transmitter and receiver can operate as a backup to the other transmitter and receiver.

In the illustrative examples, phased array antenna system 304 can use multiple receivers and transmitters for multiple satellite bands in a package that has the same form factor as currently used satellite antenna systems for aircraft. In yet another illustrative example, another set of Ku-band satellite antennas is used in addition to or in place of K-band receiver 320 or Ka-band transmitter 322. In yet another illustrative example, an additional set of satellite antennas can be used in addition to Ku-band receiver 316 and Ku-band transmitter 318, and Ka-band transmitter 322 and K-band receiver 320 depending on the space available.

With the ability to use multiple satellite bands, increased options are available to airlines using aircraft with this phased array antenna system. For example, an airline does not need to change the phased array antenna system on an aircraft based on whether the potential provider uses the Ku-band or Ka-band when the phased array antenna system includes transmitters and receivers for both bands. As a result, having a particular type of hardware is not a limiting factor in the different illustrative examples. Further, the ability to have multiple transmitters and receivers of the same type can increase the available bandwidth and provide communications redundancy.

Thus, one or more illustrative examples can provide improved connectivity for aircraft as compared to currently used satellite systems. In one or more illustrative examples, the aircraft satellite communications system has a design and configuration that enables receiving beams and transmitting beams with satellites that communicate with multiple service providers using different satellite bands. In the illustrative examples, the aircraft satellite communications system can simultaneously provide connectivity with multiple service providers using different satellite bands.

Further, the illustrative examples can be implemented in a manner that follows current standards for satellite communications for aircraft such as the ARINC 792 standard. This implementation can provide increased connectivity while meeting current standards for satellite communications for aircraft.

Thus, the illustrative examples provide an improved aircraft satellite communications system that communicates using satellite frequency bands. The satellite frequency bands can cover the desired bands needed to provide service to aircraft from multiple service providers. The aircraft satellite communications system comprises a base structure, transmitters, and receivers. The base structure has connectors arranged to correspond to connection points on an aircraft. The transmitters are connected to the base structure. The transmitters are configured to transmit using a first plurality of the satellite frequency bands. The receivers are connected to the base structure. The receivers are configured to receive using a second plurality of the satellite frequency bands. In one illustrative example, for improved signal isolation, a selected transmitter in the transmitters transmits using a satellite frequency band in the satellite frequency bands is positioned at a distance from a selected receiver in the receivers using the satellite frequency band in the satellite frequency bands on the base structure with a number of other transmitters and receivers located between the selected transmitter and the selected receiver on the base structure. In this illustrative example, these transmitters and receivers comprise phased array antennas having antenna elements, phase shifters or time delays, distribution networks, and electronics.

The illustration of communications environment 200 in FIG. 2 and communications environment 300 in FIG. 3 is not meant to imply physical or architectural limitations to the manner in which an illustrative embodiment may be implemented. Other components in addition to or in place of the ones illustrated may be used. Some components may be unnecessary. Also, the blocks are presented to illustrate some functional components. One or more of these blocks may be combined, divided, or combined and divided into different blocks when implemented in an illustrative embodiment.

For example, aircraft satellite communications system 302 can also include a power supply connected to base structure 310. In other examples, the power supply can be provided by aircraft 301 with connection points to phased array antenna system 304. In still another illustrative example, electronics 332 can be located in aircraft 301 instead of being connected to base structure 310. In yet other illustrative examples, electronics 332 can be distributed between phased array antenna system 304 and aircraft 301. For example, modems, control boards, and other hardware for different vendors for services can be located on aircraft 301 reducing the need to access phased array antennas 308 under radome 306.

With reference to FIG. 4, an illustration of a phased array antenna system on an aircraft is depicted in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. As depicted, aircraft satellite communications system 401 is located on aircraft 402. Aircraft satellite communications system 401 is an example of an implementation for aircraft satellite communications system 203 in FIG. 2 and aircraft satellite communications system 302 in FIG. 3.

In this illustrative example, aircraft satellite communications system 401 takes the form of phased array antenna system 400 and is located within radome 404. In this illustrative example, an exposed view of radome 404 is depicted to illustrate the location of Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410, Ka-band transmitter (Tx) 412, K-band receiver (Rx) 414 and Ku-band receiver (Rx) 416 within radome 404.

In this illustrative example, Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410 is located opposite of Ku-band receiver (Rx) 416. In this example, Ka-band transmitter (Tx) 412 and K-band receiver (Rx) 414 are located between Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410 and Ku-band receiver (Rx) 416. This positioning of receivers and transmitters provides the greatest separation between a transmitter and a receiver using the same satellite band. In this example, the satellite band is a Ku-band. This configuration reduces interference between the Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410 and Ku-band receiver (Rx) 416. Displacement can provide the maximum possible distance between these two components.

This illustration of antennas for phased array antenna system 400 is provided as an illustrative example not meant to limit the manner in which antennas can be positioned in other illustrative examples. For example, Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410 can be a Ka-band transmitter instead of a Ku-band transmitter, and Ka-band transmitter (Tx) 412 can be a Ku-band transmitter instead of a Ka-band transmitter. In yet another illustrative example, an additional transmitter, an additional receiver, or an additional transmitter and receiver can be part of phased array antenna system 400.

Further, other components are present but not shown in this example. A base structure, thermal management components, electronics, and other components associated with these antennas can be present although not depicted in this example.

With reference next to FIG. 5, an illustration of a schematic diagram for satellite communications with an aircraft satellite communications system using satellites from two services is depicted in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. In the illustrative examples, the same reference numeral may be used in more than one figure. This reuse of a reference numeral in different figures represents the same element in the different figures.

In this example, satellite communications can be provided through the use of satellite services that provide communications including high-speed Internet to passengers and aircraft crew through aircraft satellite communications system 401 on aircraft 402. In this example, Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410, Ka-band transmitter (Tx) 412, K-band receiver (Rx) 414 and Ku-band receiver (Rx) 416 under radome 404 can be used to receive information from more than one service. In this example, these components are seen in an exposed view of radome 404.

In this example, these different receivers and transmitters can receive information in beams from satellites operated by different services. Different services may use different satellite bands from other services. With the selection of receivers and transmitters to cover different satellite bands, the ability to transmit and receive information from more than one service is present.

In this illustrative example, Ku-band receiver (Rx) 416 can receive information from Ku-band satellite 500 and Ku-band satellite 502. Further, the receiver in the receivers can simultaneously receive multiple beams from different satellites. This receiver can receive information in one or two beams with a frequency from 10.7 GHz to 12.7 GHz. For example, Ku-band receiver (Rx) 416 can receive information from beam 1 or beam 2 from Ku-band satellite 500 and Ku-band satellite 502. In this example, K-band receiver (Rx) 414 can receive information in one or two beams with a frequency from 17.7 GHz to 21.2 GHz.

As depicted, K-band receiver (Rx) 414 can receive information from K-band satellite 504 and K-band satellite 506. K-band receiver (Rx) 414 can receive information from two beams, beam 1 or beam 2 from K-band satellite 504 and K-band satellite 506. These antennas are connected to optional data switch 523. This optional data switch can switch between the two receivers to download information.

In this example, information can be uploaded using optional data switch 525, which sends information to one of Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410 and Ka-band transmitter (Tx) 412. In one illustrative example, information can be uploaded to Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410, which in turns transmits information to Ku-band satellite 508. The transmission can occur in a single frequency from frequency band 14.0 GHz to 14.5 GHz.

In another example, optional data switch 525 can send information to Ka-band transmitter (Tx) 412, which transmits information to Ka-band satellite 510. This communication can occur using a frequency from 27.5 GHz to 31.0 GHz in this example.

With this arrangement of receivers and transmitters, aircraft satellite communications system 401 is capable of providing communications for an aircraft using more than one service. For example, this aircraft satellite communications system is capable of using two different services because of the receivers and transmitters using different satellite bands of interest. In this example, the satellite bands of interest are Ku-, K-, and Ka-band. Further, the selection of multiple receivers and transmitters rather than a single receiver and transmitter also provides an ability to communicate to multiple targets with a fewer number of elements as compared to wideband apertures.

Further, in other illustrative examples, the data switches depicted in this illustration may be omitted. For example, without optional data switch 523, the receivers can all receive one to two beams at the same time and be sent directly to the controller or other system for processing multiple beams. For example, K-band receiver (Rx) 414 and Ku-band receiver (Rx) 416 can operate at the same time to receive multiple beams. Each of these receivers can receive 1 or 2 beams at the same time and process these directly with electronics designed to handle multiple beams.

In a similar fashion, without optional data switch 525, the transmitters can transmit beams at both Ku- and Ka-band at the same time using electronics designed for both bands. With this example, a controller can control uploaded information to both Ku-band transmitter (Tx) 410 and Ka-band transmitter (Tx) 412 and transmit in simultaneous beams in which each transmitter can transmit a beam at the same time as the other transmitter.

Turning to FIG. 6, an illustration of a top view of an aircraft satellite communications system is depicted in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. In this illustrative example, aircraft satellite communications system 600 is an example of an implementation for aircraft satellite communications system 203 in FIG. 2 and aircraft satellite communications system 302 in FIG. 3.

In this example, aircraft satellite communications system 600 comprises Ku-band receiver (Rx) elements 601, K-band receiver (Rx) elements 602, Ka-band transmitter (Tx) elements 603, and Ku-band transmitter (Tx) elements 604. In this example, Ku-band receiver (Rx) elements 601 and K-band receiver (Rx) elements 602 have a rectangular shape. Ka-band transmitter (Tx) elements 603, and Ku-band transmitter (Tx) elements 604 are shown with a circular aperture shape to reduce the sidelobe levels of an equal amplitude distribution. These components are connected to base structure 610. It should be understood that the actual shape of each of the elements in aircraft satellite communications system 600 comprising Ku-band receiver (Rx) elements 601, K-band receiver (Rx) elements 602, Ka-band transmitter (Tx) elements 603, and Ku-band transmitter (Tx) elements 604, may be of other shapes depending upon the specific design. For example, shapes of ovals, or hexagons, or other shapes may also be used as long as these elements all fit into the ARINC 792 standards.

The transmitter and receiver elements are arranged within this base structure in a manner that provides the least amount of interference between the operation of these components. As depicted, Ku-band receiver (Rx) elements 601 are located at opposite ends of the base structure 610 from Ku-band transmitter (Tx) elements 604. Further in this example, K-band receiver (Rx) elements 602 and Ka-band transmitter (Tx) elements 603 are located on base structure 610 between Ku-band receiver (Rx) elements 601 and Ku-band transmitter (Tx) elements 604.

As depicted, base structure 610 has length 612 of 96 inches and width 614 of 42 inches. In this example, these dimensions meet the ARINC 792 standard. The dimensions for the transmitter and receiver elements can take different forms that meet the ARINC 792 standard.

This example, K-band receiver (Rx) elements 602 and Ka-band transmitter (Tx) elements 603 are located on base structure 610 between Ku-band receiver (Rx) elements 601 and Ku-band transmitter (Tx) elements 604 which provide a total usable bandwidth of 15 GHz. This bandwidth can be provided using two Ku-band receiver beams, two K-band receiver beams, a Ku-band transmitter beam, and a Ka-band transmitter beam.

When dual beams are received, all of the elements in a receiver may be used to receive the two beams. In this example, every element has a hybrid-coupler providing left- and right-hand polarization to two phase-shifters. Each phase-shifter carries the independent signals to electronics and separate distribution networks for the two independent beams. Thus, all the elements can receive two different beams with the electronics, phase shifters, and distribution networks deriving each individual beam as a separate signal from a specific direction. In one example, all of the elements can be used to receive communications from a GEO, a MEO, or a LEO satellite.

In another example, the aperture can be subdivided into groups of elements to form multiple apertures that are sub apertures for receiving communications with GEO, MEO, or LEO satellites.

In this example, Ku-band, K-band, and Ka-band apertures are selected to fit within the area available on the ARINC 792 standard. In one example, an array of about 2300 elements is selected for a Ku-band single receive aperture in a lattice supporting grating-lobe free scanning to 72 degrees.

Further in this example, a full-duplex operation is provided by Ku-band receiver (Rx) elements 601 and Ku-band transmitter (Tx) elements 604. In this example, Ku-band receiver (Rx) elements 601 is a single receiver (Rx) aperture with 2300 elements. These elements and corresponding circuitry support dual-beam operation.

In this example, Ku-transmitter (Tx) elements 604 has a single circular aperture with about 1500 elements.

In this example, a full-duplex operation is provided in the K-band using K-band receiver (Rx) elements 602 and Ka-band transmitter (Tx) elements 603. In this example, K-band receiver (Rx) elements 602 has a single receiver aperture with 2300 elements.

In this example, Ka-band transmitter (Tx) elements 603 has a single transmitter aperture with 2100 elements.

In this depicted example, aircraft satellite communications system 600 can be implemented using approximately 8200 elements within the ARINC-792 footprint. This aircraft satellite communications system provides full-duplex operation. In other words, the system can transmit and receive information at the same time. In one example, aircraft satellite communications system 600 has 2300 elements per satellite band with grating-lobe free scanning to 72 degrees. In one example, this system provides simultaneous dual-beam at Ku-band Rx and K-band Rx with single, switchable beams at Ku-band Tx and Ka-band Tx. This system provides optimized narrow-band, single-function performance.

In the illustrative example, aircraft satellite communications system 600 meets ARINC 792 standards. In meeting this standard, aircraft satellite communications system 600 provides at least one of increased usable bandwidth, uses fewer elements for receivers and transmitters, provides a simpler array implementation for antenna elements, provides independently optimized arrays of elements, or decreased cost as compared to other currently available implementations. One or more of these advantages are provided over other aircraft satellite communications systems meeting ARINC 792 standards.

For example, these advantages can be present as compared to a multiband full duplex aircraft satellite communications system that uses a receiver and a transmitter in which each of these components communicate using satellite bands for communications. This multiband aircraft satellite communications system of two wideband apertures, when compared to the earlier example, uses 23% less area but has 86% more radiating elements.

For comparison, this multiband aircraft satellite communications system has 23% less area and has 86% more elements than aircraft satellite communications system 600. Further, this multiband aircraft satellite communications system has a higher front-end loss due to wider band requirements on the radiators over the entire scan volume. Full-duplex operation uses Ku-band Rx/Ku-band Tx or K-band Rx/Ka-band Tx. This multiband aircraft satellite communications system provides wideband communication with a single function. This system has a total usable bandwidth of less than or equal to 10.5 GHz.

For further comparison, the advantages of aircraft satellite communications system 600 can be shown over a wideband multiband multifunction aircraft satellite communications system in which a single component operates both as a receiver and a transmitter using the satellite band. This multiband multifunction aircraft satellite communications system uses about 56% less aperture area but uses 50% more elements. This type of system, however, only operates in a half-duplex mode. The system uses a circulator and filter to fit within the unit-cell footprint and a switch to provide sufficient transmit to receive isolation.

This multiband, multifunction aircraft satellite communications system uses 56% less area and has 50% more elements than apertures in aircraft satellite communications system 600. This system has much-higher front-end losses due to switch and filter needs and with impedance variations over the scan-angles. This system provides a very wideband, multi-function operation with a total usable bandwidth significantly less than 10.5 GHz in half-duplex operation.

In this illustrative example, the wideband, single array in the multiband, multifunction aircraft satellite communications system is smaller in area but requires more elements because the wide-beam scanning requirements are set at the highest operating frequency (31 GHz) as compared to using multiple arrays with a larger footprint but with fewer elements.

The differences in the number of antenna elements affect costs directly. Since, each radiator element includes amplifiers, phase-shifters, controllers, and other components, the multi-band, multi-function will include 50% more components.

In contrast, the multiple single-function, single-band arrays of the illustrative example include fewer elements over a larger aperture area. Therefore, if a sufficient area is present as in the ARINC-792 standard, the multiple arrays of the illustrative example are a much more cost effective affordable solution.

By comparison, using the ARINC-792 standard, a single large multi-function array in a multiband aircraft satellite communications system that covers both transmit and receive and operates from Ku-band to Ka-band requires more elements and is more complex and expensive than the illustrative example. Also, by comparison, a multi-band approach with a single, large receive array which covers Ku-band to the K-band and another transmit array that covers Ku-band to Ka-band will also require more elements and be more complex and more expensive than the illustrative example.

Further in these examples, a Ku-Tx transmitter and Ka-Tx transmitter are the transmit phased-array systems (14-14.5 GHz, 27-31 GHz). A baseband transmitter operating over a 1 GHz bandwidth can be used in an illustrative example. With this example, a Ku-band up-converter (baseband to 14 GHz) can be used for the Ku-Tx transmitter. This signal is distributed with a radio frequency (FR) network to every radiator element where amplifiers and phase-shifters to augment or amplify the signal for transmission. Similarly, a Ka-band upconverter (baseband to 27 GHz) would be used for the Ka-Tx transmitter. This signal is distributed with a radio frequency (RF) network to every radiator element where amplifiers and phase-shifters augment or amplify the signal for transmission. In addition, the Ka-band upconverter can be tuned to cover the entire 4 GHz of Ka-band bandwidth.