In addition, the surface treatment of the zinc oxide particle with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt is made by attachment of the N-acylated amino acid or its salt as a surface treatment agent onto a surface of the zinc oxide particle according to chemical adsorption or physical adsorption, and a surface treatment method conventionally used can be appropriately used as the method of the surface treatment and is not particularly limited. Specific examples include a method (dry treatment method, mechanochemical method) involving directly mixing the N-acylated amino acid or its salt with the particle, a method (semi-dry method) involving dispersing the N-acylated amino acid or its salt in a dispersion medium and then mixing it with the particle, and a method (wet method) involving dispersing the particle in a dispersion medium to thereby produce a slurry and then mixing the slurry with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt.

The dry treatment method is a method for allowing the surface treatment agent to adsorb or be bonded to a particle surface by mechanochemical treatment, for example, by using an airflow ejection containing the surface treatment agent to thereby utilize an impact force, or by mixing a dispersion medium such as media and using a ball mill or the like to thereby utilize a shear force, in surface treatment of the particle.

The dispersion medium for use in the semi-dry method or the wet method is not particularly limited, and examples include water, an organic solvent, or a mixture thereof. Examples of the organic solvent include alcohol, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane, and examples of the alcohol include monohydric water-soluble alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol, and di- or more hydric water-soluble alcohols such as ethylene glycol and glycerin. The dispersion medium is preferably water, more preferably ion-exchange water.

In the semi-dry method and the wet method, the particle and the surface treatment agent are dispersed in the solvent, and surface treatment is performed. A known method may be adopted as the dispersion method and is not particularly limited. The dispersion can also be performed by, for example, stirring in a tank, and can be preferably performed with a dispersion machine which can be used for the dispersion of the particle in a liquid, for example, a disper mixer, a homomixer, an inline mixer, a media grinder, a triple roll, an attritor, a colloid mill, or an ultrasonic dispersion machine.

It is preferable in the surface treatment to sufficiently stir the particle and the surface treatment agent so that a state where these are uniformly mixed is achieved. In a case where a mixer is used in the dry method and the semi-dry method, specifically, for example, Powder Lab (volume 130 ml) or FM mixer (volume 9 L) manufactured by Nippon Coke & Engineering Co., Ltd., can be used as the mixer, and the stirring is preferably made at an increased rotation speed. The stirring time may be any time as long as uniform mixing is made and the surface treatment progresses, and it is preferably 10 minutes or more, and from the viewpoint of productivity, within 10 hours is preferable. The rotation speed in the stirring is preferably 1000 rpm or more, and the rotation speed is more preferably 2000 rpm or more. If the rotation speed is 500 rpm or less, the surface treatment is not sufficient in some cases. The temperature during the surface treatment is not particularly limited, and is preferably 5 to 150° C., more preferably 60 to 150° C., for example, in terms of operational reasons.

The amount of particle, surface treatment agent, solvent, and dispersion medium during each such surface treatment is not particularly limited as long as the desired surface treatment can be performed. Specifically, loss of the surface treatment agent may occur during the treatment or after the treatment, and thus the amount of the N-acylated amino acid or its salt based on 100 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle is preferably, for example, 0.1 to 15 parts by mass. The amount of the N-acylated amino acid or its salt based on 100 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle is more preferably 0.2 to 12 parts by mass, further preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass.

In addition, the temperature during the treatment is not particularly limited as long as the desired surface treatment is performed, and it is preferable in the wet method to produce a slurry and then age the slurry at 60° C. or more. The aging temperature is more preferably 80° C. or more, further preferably 90° C. or more. The upper limit of the aging temperature is preferably 200° C. or less in order to inhibit an amino acid from being degraded. The upper limit of the aging temperature is more preferably 150° C. or less, further preferably 130° C. or less. The slurry is preferably aged with stirring.

The aging time is not particularly limited and is preferably 1 minute or more, more preferably 5 minutes or more, further preferably 10 minutes or more. The upper limit of the aging time is not particularly limited, and is preferably, for example, 10 hours or less from the viewpoint of an enhancement in production efficiency. The upper limit of the aging time is more preferably 5 hours or less, further preferably 2 hours or less.

In the wet method, it is suitable to remove the dispersion medium after aging the slurry. If necessary, any other step to be performed in usual particle surface treatment or the like, for example, neutralization, washing, or pulverization may be further performed.

After the removal of the dispersion medium, drying is also suitable. Such drying includes, for example, vacuum drying or heat drying. When drying by heating, it is preferable to perform the drying at a temperature of 35° C. to 200° C. for 5 minutes to 72 hours. Drying is expected to further enhance the dispersibility of the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt.

In the surface treatment with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt, the surface treatment is preferably applied so that the content of the surface treatment agent is 0.1 to 15% by mass when the zinc oxide particle after the treatment is 100 parts by mass. The content of the surface treatment agent is set to 0.1% by mass or more and thus liquid stability can be favorably ensured and the occurrence of aggregation and precipitation over time can be suppressed. The content of the surface treatment agent is set to 15% by mass or less and thus electric characteristics of the photoconductor can be favorably ensured and the occurrence of a defective image can be suppressed. The content of the surface treatment agent is more preferably 0.2 to 9% by mass, further preferably 0.5 to 8% by mass.

The average primary particle size of the zinc oxide particle is preferably in the range from 1 to 800 nm, more suitably 1 to 350 nm, further suitably 10 to 300 nm. The average primary particle size of the zinc oxide particle is preferably 800 nm or less because coating liquid stability of an undercoat layer coating liquid is more favorable. Any manufacturing method according to various production processes conventionally known can be used as the method of manufacturing the zinc oxide particle. For example, a zinc oxide particle produced by the French method or the American method may also be used. The French method is a manufacturing method involving heating metallic zinc to provide zinc vapor and oxidizing and then cooling the zinc vapor. The American method is a manufacturing method involving air oxidizing metal vapor obtained by adding a reducing agent to zinc ore and subjecting them to heating, reduction and volatilization. Alternatively, a zinc oxide particle may be used which is obtained by a wet method involving roasting zinc hydroxide or basic zinc carbonate obtained by a reaction of soluble zinc (zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, or the like) and an alkaline solution (aqueous sodium hydroxide solution or the like) and precipitation of the resultant. Specifically, for example, FINEX-25, FINEX-30, FINEX-50, XZ-100F-LP, or XZ-300F-LP manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., MZ-300 or MZ-500 manufactured by TAYCA CORPORATION, or FZO-50 manufactured by ISHIHARA SANGYO KAISHA, LTD. can be used.

(Metal Oxide Particle)

The metal oxide particle different from the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt, which can be further mixed as the second filler in the undercoat layer 2, means a metal oxide particle that is subjected to surface treatment different from that of the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt, a metal oxide particle which is different in material from that of the zinc oxide particle, or a combination thereof. Examples of such a metal oxide particle preferably include any particle made of one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, antimony oxide, vanadium oxide, yttrium oxide and niobium oxide. In particular, a titanium oxide particle is preferable, and in particular, a titanium oxide particle subjected to surface treatment with a silane coupling agent is preferable because the amount of reduction in surface charge potential can be decreased. The average primary particle size of the titanium oxide particle is suitably 10 nm to 500 nm, more suitably 20 nm to 300 nm.

Examples of the silane coupling agent can preferably include an aminosilane compound, and examples can include aminosilane compounds such as N-β(aminoethyl)β-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N-phenyl-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyltriethoxysilane, 3-triethoxysilyl-N-(1,3-dimethyl-butylidene)propylamine, aminopropylmethyltrimethoxysilane, and N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Specifically, for example, a silane coupling agent KBM-603 (N-β(aminoethyl)γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane), KBE-903 (γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane), KBM-573 (N-phenyl-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane), KBM-602 (N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane), KBM-903 (3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane), or KBE-9103P(3-triethoxysilyl-N-(1,3-dimethyl-butylidene)propylamine) manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., can be used.

In particular, a titanium oxide particle surface-treated with an aminosilane compound is preferably used as the metal oxide particle, and thus transfer ghost can be more effectively suppressed.

The method for surface treatment of the titanium oxide particle with the silane coupling agent preferably involves mechanochemically surface-treating the titanium oxide particle with the silane coupling agent according to a gas phase method. Specifically, the titanium oxide particle and the silane coupling agent are mixed by a blender such as a ball mill or a Henschel mixer, and are subsequently subjected to surface treatment with pulverization treatment by a jet flow type air pulverizer like a jet mill. The resulting titanium oxide surface-treated with the silane coupling agent can also be used as it is, or may be subjected to washing treatment with pure water and then used. The crystal type of titanium oxide may be any of an anatase type, a rutile type, a brookite type, and a mixed crystal type thereof.

The undercoat layer 2 may contain at least the first filler, and the first filler may contain the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt. In a case where the undercoat layer 2 further contains the second filler in addition to the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt, and the second filler contains at least one metal oxide particle different from the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt, 2% by mass or more of the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt is preferably included in the first filler and the second filler. The zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt is more preferably included at 20% by mass or more, further preferably 40% by mass or more, based on the total amount of the fillers from the viewpoint of suppression of transfer ghost. In a case where the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt is not included as the filler in the undercoat layer 2, the effect of improving transfer ghost is not obtained.

(Adduct Compound of Titanyl Phthalocyanine and Butanediol)

One or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, an adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, and their optical isomers can be used as an adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and butanediol as a charge generation material for use in the charge generation layer 4. The Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine here has an influence on photon efficiency due to binding or separating of an atom of titanyl and an OH group of a water molecule in a different environment, and thus is increased or decreased in sensitivity. On the other hand, 1,2-butanediol or 2,3-butanediol has a high boiling point and has two OH groups in the same molecule, and thus the probability of separation from an atom of titanyl at the same time at two adsorption points is reduced. Therefore, one or more selected from the group consisting of an adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, an adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, and their optical isomers are preferably used from the viewpoint of suppression of the variation in sensitivity due to the environment. Here, the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine or the like may also be added thereto.

Other configurations than the above, of a photoconductor of an embodiment of the present invention, are not particularly limited as long as the undercoat layer 2 and the charge generation layer 4 satisfy the above conditions about the filler and the charge generation material, and can be appropriately chosen according to an ordinary method. Hereinafter, the configuration of each layer of the photoconductor is described.

(Conductive Substrate)

The conductive substrate 1 has a role as an electrode of the photoconductor and also serves as a support of each layer constituting the photoconductor, and may have any shape of cylindrical, plate, and film shapes. The material of the conductive substrate 1 can be, for example, one obtained by subjecting a surface of a metal such as aluminum, stainless steel, or nickel, or glass or a resin, to conductive treatment.

(Undercoat Layer)

The undercoat layer 2 is required to contain the filler and the resin binder and satisfy the conditions about the filler as described above.

Any of resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, an acrylic resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a vinyl acetate resin, polyurethane, an epoxy resin, polyester, a melamine resin, a silicone resin, polyvinyl butyral, polyamide, casein, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, a phenol resin, a polyvinyl phenol resin and ethyl cellulose can be used singly or as a mixture of two or more kinds thereof, in the resin binder of the undercoat layer 2. In particular, the resin binder in the undercoat layer 2 preferably contains two or more selected from the group consisting of an acrylic resin, a melamine resin and a polyvinyl phenol resin.

The mass ratio [filler/resin binder] between the filler including the first filler or the filler including the first filler and the second filler, and the resin binder, in the undercoat layer 2 is preferably 50/50 to 90/10. The ratio of the filler in the undercoat layer 2 is set to 50/50 or more and thus the ratio of the resin binder can be kept low to thereby suppress the occurrence of a low-density defective image due to a too high-volume resistivity of the undercoat layer 2 and thus no sufficient decrease in potential of an exposed section under the low temperature and low humidity environment. The ratio of the filler is set to 90/10 or less and thus stability of an undercoat layer coating liquid can be increased and the occurrence of aggregation and precipitation over time can be suppressed.

The undercoat layer 2 is mainly made of the filler and the resin, and a known additive may also be added thereto. Examples of such an additive can include known materials, for example, a metal powder of aluminum or the like, a conductive substance such as carbon black, an electron transporting substance such as an electron transporting pigment, a polycondensed compound, a metal chelate compound, and an organic metal compound. Examples of a preferable electron transporting substance include a benzophenone compound having a hydroxy group and an anthraquinone compound having a hydroxy group.

The undercoat layer coating liquid used to form the undercoat layer 2 is prepared by allowing the filler to be dispersed and contained in a resin solution where the resin binder is dissolved in a solvent. The solvent may be appropriately selected in consideration of dispersibility of the filler therein, solubility of the resin binder therein, and preservability, volatility, safety and the like thereof. Specific examples of the solvent include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, t-butanol, sec-butanol and benzyl alcohol, toluene, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, and methylene chloride. A general-purpose apparatus such as a vibration mill, a paint shaker, or a sand grinder can be used for dispersion treatment of the filler, and zirconia is preferably used as a dispersion medium because more uniform dispersion can be made.

The thickness of the undercoat layer 2 is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 more suitably 0.3 to 5 further suitably 0.5 to 3 μm. The thickness of the undercoat layer 2 is set to 0.1 μm or more and thus charge injection can be properly suppressed and the occurrence of any black spot failure on an image can be suppressed. The thickness of the undercoat layer 2 is set to 10 μm or less and thus an increase in resistance can be suppressed and the occurrence of a defective image due to a low density can be suppressed.

While the undercoat layer 2 is used as a single layer, two or more different layers may be stacked and used. In this case, it is not necessary to allow all the layers to contain the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt, and, for example, a configuration may be adopted where an undercoat layer 2 made of only a thermoplastic resin such as alcohol-soluble nylon is stacked on an undercoat layer 2 containing the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt or where an undercoat layer 2 containing the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt is stacked on an undercoat layer 2 made of an anode oxidation film of aluminum.

(Photosensitive Layer)

As described above, the photosensitive layer 3 has the charge generation layer 4 and the charge transport layer 5 and the charge transport layer 5 is the outermost layer, in the negatively-charged stacked photoconductor. The charge generation layer 4 is required to satisfy the above conditions about the charge generation material, as described above.

The charge generation layer 4 can be formed by, for example, a method involving coating with a coating liquid where any particle of various organic pigments is dispersed as the charge generation material in the resin binder, and receives light to generate charge. For the charge generation layer 4, it is important to have a high electron generation efficiency and simultaneously injectability of charge generated, into the charge transport layer 5, and it is desirable that it is less in electric field dependence and has good injection even in a low electric field.

The adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and butanediol, as the charge generation material, may be used singly or used in appropriate combination with other charge generation materials. As such other charge generation materials, phthalocyanine compounds such as X-type metal-free phthalocyanine, τ-type metal-free phthalocyanine, α-type titanyl phthalocyanine, β-type titanyl phthalocyanine, Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine, γ-type titanyl phthalocyanine, amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine, and ε-type copper phthalocyanine, various azo pigments, anthoanthorone pigments, thiapyrylium pigments, perylene pigments, perinone pigments, squarylium pigments, quinacridone pigments, and the like can be appropriately used in combination, and a suitable substance can be selected depending on the light wavelength region of an exposure light source for use in image formation. The charge generation layer 4 mainly includes the charge generation material, and a charge transport material or the like can also be added thereto and then used.

The resin binder of the charge generation layer 4 is not particularly limited, and polymers and copolymers, of a polycarbonate resin, a polyester resin, a polyamide resin, a polyurethane resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a vinyl acetate resin, a phenoxy resin, a polyvinyl acetal resin, a polyvinyl butyral resin, a polystyrene resin, a polysulfone resin, a diallyl phthalate resin, and a methacrylic acid ester resin can be appropriately combined and then used.

The charge generation layer coating liquid for use in formation of the charge generation layer 4 is prepared by dissolving and dispersing the charge generation material and the resin binder in a solvent. Examples of the solvent here used include tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydropyran, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, toluene, methylene chloride, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and these can be used singly or as a mixture thereof. Preferably, 1,2-dimethoxyethane or a mixed solvent including it is used. The solvent can also be used in the same way for a charge transport layer coating liquid described below.

The content of the charge generation material in the charge generation layer 4 is suitably 20 to 80% by mass, more suitably 30 to 70% by mass based on the solid content in the charge generation layer 4. The content of the resin binder in the charge generation layer 4 is suitably 20 to 80% by mass, more suitably 30 to 70% by mass based on the solid content in the charge generation layer 4. The charge generation layer 4 may have a charge generation function, and thus the thickness thereof is determined by the coefficient of light absorption of the charge generation material and is generally 1 μm or less, suitably 0.5 μm or less.

The charge transport layer 5 is configured mainly from a charge transport material and a resin binder.

Examples of the resin binder in the charge transport layer 5, which can be here used, include various polycarbonate resins, polyarylate resins, polyphenylene resins, polyester resins, polyvinyl acetal resins, polyvinyl butyral resins, polyvinyl alcohol resins, vinyl chloride resins, vinyl acetate resins, polyethylene resins, polypropylene resins, acrylic resins, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, silicone resins, polyamide resins, polystyrene resins, polyacetal resins, polysulfone resins, diallyl phthalate resins, and polymers and copolymers of methacrylic acid esters, of bisphenol A-type, bisphenol Z-type, bisphenol A-type-biphenyl copolymers, and bisphenol Z-type-biphenyl copolymers. Furthermore, the same kind of resins different in molecular weight can be mixed and then used.

Various hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, diamine compounds, butadiene compounds, indole compounds, and the like can be used singly, or may be appropriately combined and mixed, and then used, as the charge transport material of the charge transport layer 5. For example, those represented by the following II-1 to II-14 can be exemplified as the charge transport material, but are not limited thereto.

[Image Omitted]

The content of the resin binder in the charge transport layer 5 is suitably 10 to 90% by mass, more suitably 20 to 80% by mass based on the solid content in the charge transport layer 5. The content of the charge transport material in the charge transport layer 5 is suitably 10 to 90% by mass, more suitably 20 to 80% by mass based on the solid content in the charge transport layer 5.

The thickness of the charge transport layer 5 is preferably in the range from 3 to 50 μm, more preferably in the range from 15 to 40 μm in order that a practically effective surface potential is maintained.

The photosensitive layer can contain a deterioration inhibitor such as an antioxidant and a light stabilizer for the purposes of enhancements in environmental resistance and stability against harmful light. Examples of a compound used for these purposes include chromanol derivatives and esterified compounds, polyaryl alkane compounds, hydroquinone derivatives, etherified compounds, dietherified compounds, benzophenone derivatives, benzotriazole derivatives, thioether compounds, phenylenediamine derivatives, phosphonic acid esters, phosphorus acid esters, phenol compounds, hindered phenol compounds, linear amine compounds, cyclic amine compounds, and hindered amine compounds.

In addition, the photosensitive layer can also contain a leveling agent such as silicone oil and fluorine-based oil for the purposes of an enhancement in leveling performance of a film formed and impartment of lubricity. Furthermore, the photosensitive layer may contain a fine particle of a metal oxide such as silicon oxide (silica), titanium oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide (alumina), or zirconium oxide, a metal sulfate salt such as barium sulfate or calcium sulfate, or metal nitride such as silicon nitride or aluminum nitride, or a fluorine-based resin particle or a fluorine-based comb-type graft-polymerized resin, such as an ethylene tetrafluoride resin, for the purposes of adjustment of the film hardness, a decrease in coefficient of friction, impar iment of lubricity, and the like. Moreover, any other known additives can also be, if necessary, contained as long as electrophotographic characteristics are not remarkably impaired.

(Method of Manufacturing Photoconductor)

A manufacturing method of an embodiment of the present invention, in manufacturing the photoconductor, includes the steps of preparing an undercoat layer coating liquid including the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the N-acylated amino acid or its salt, using the undercoat layer coating liquid to thereby form the undercoat layer 2 on the conductive substrate 1, preparing a charge generation layer coating liquid including an adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and butanediol, and using the charge generation layer coating liquid to thereby form the charge generation layer 4 on the undercoat layer 2.

The undercoat layer 2 can be formed by coating a surface of the conductive substrate 1 with the undercoat layer coating liquid prepared as above, and drying the resultant, according to an ordinary method. The charge generation layer 4 can be formed by coating a surface of the undercoat layer 2 with the charge generation layer coating liquid prepared as above, and drying the resultant, according to an ordinary method. The method for coating with such a coating liquid, here used, is a known method such as a dip coating method, a doctor blade method, a bar coater, a roll transfer method, or a spray method, and a dip coating method is preferably used in coating of a cylindrical conductive substrate. The method for drying a coating film by the coating liquid can be appropriately selected depending on the type of the solvent and the thickness of a film to be formed, and in particular, thermal drying is preferable. The drying conditions can be, for example, 50 to 200° C. and 1 to 120 minutes.

In a manufacturing method of an embodiment of the present invention, specifically, the undercoat layer 2 is first formed by coating a surface of the conductive substrate 1 with the undercoat layer coating liquid including the specified filler, prepared as above, and drying the resultant, according to an ordinary method. Next, the charge generation layer 4 is formed by a method including a step of dissolving and dispersing the specified charge generation material and any resin binder in a solvent to thereby produce and prepare a charge generation layer coating liquid, and a step of coating a surface of the undercoat layer 2 with the charge generation layer coating liquid, and drying the resultant to thereby form the charge generation layer 4. Next, the charge transport layer 5 is formed by a method including a step of dissolving any charge transport material and resin binder in a solvent to thereby produce and prepare a charge transport layer coating liquid, and a step of coating a surface of the charge generation layer 4 with the charge transport layer coating liquid, and drying the resultant to thereby form the charge transport layer 5. A negatively-charged stacked photoconductor according to an embodiment of the present invention can be produced by such a manufacturing method.

(Electrophotographic Apparatus)

An electrophotographic apparatus of an embodiment of the present invention is obtained by mounting the electrophotographic photoconductor, and thus can be an electrophotographic apparatus hardly causing transfer ghost even in a case where the transfer voltage is set high for a high-speed process or a cleaner-less process. An electrophotographic apparatus of an embodiment of the present invention achieves a predetermined effect by application of any of various machine processes. Specifically, a sufficient effect can be obtained also by a charging process such as a contact charging system using a charging member such as a roller or a brush, or a non-contact charging system using a charging member such as a corotron or a scorotron, and a development process such as a contact development system or a non-contact development system using a non-magnetic one component, a magnetic one component, two components, or the like.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic configuration diagram of one configuration example of an electrophotographic apparatus of an embodiment of the present invention. An electrophotographic apparatus 60 illustrated includes a photoconductor 6 of an embodiment of the present invention, mounted therein, the photoconductor including a conductive substrate 1, and an undercoat layer 2 and a photosensitive layer 3 each covering a peripheral surface of the substrate. The electrophotographic apparatus 60 is configured from a charging member 21 placed on a peripheral edge of the photoconductor 6, a high-voltage power supply 22 supplying an applied voltage to the charging member 21, an image exposure member 23, a developer 24, a sheet-feeding member 25, and a transfer charger 26. The charging member 21 may be roller-shaped, the developer 24 may include a development roller 241, and the sheet-feeding member 25 may include a sheet-feeding roller 251 and a sheet-feeding guide 252. The transfer charger 26 may be of a direct charging type. The electrophotographic apparatus 60 may further include a cleaning apparatus 27 including a cleaning blade 271, and a discharging member 28. The electrophotographic apparatus 60 can be a color printer.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, specific aspects of the present invention are described in further detail with reference to Examples. The present invention is not limited by the following Examples without departing from the gist thereof.

(Production Example 1: Zinc Oxide Particle (20 nm) Surface-Treated with Amino Acid Salt A)

One hundred grams of a zinc oxide particle not surface-treated (FINEX-50 manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., average primary particle size 20 nm) was placed in a mixer (Powder Lab manufactured by Nippon Coke & Engineering Co., Ltd., tank volume 130 ml), 50 g of an aqueous solution where 6 g of sodium cocoyl glutamate (Amisoft CS-11 manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) (hereinafter, referred to as “amino acid salt A”) as the surface treatment agent was dissolved and added thereto, and these were mixed at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the rotation speed was changed to a predetermined rotation speed of 2500 rpm, the interior of the tank was heated to a predetermined temperature of 100° C. with stirring, the volatile content such as water was removed at a negative pressure made by a vacuum pump, and thus a powder of a zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A was obtained.

(Production Example 2: Zinc Oxide Particle (35 nm) Surface-Treated with Amino Acid Salt A)

The same manner as in Production Example 1 was made except that the zinc oxide particle not surface-treated (FINEX-50 manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., average primary particle size 20 nm) was changed to a zinc oxide particle not surface-treated (FINEX-30 manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., average primary particle size 35 nm), and thus a powder of a zinc oxide particle (35 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A was obtained.

(Production Example 3: Zinc Oxide Particle (20 nm) Surface-Treated with Amino Acid Salt B)

The same manner as in Production Example 1 was made except that the surface treatment agent was changed to sodium lauroyl glutamate (AminoFormer ALMS-P1 manufactured by Asahi Kasei Finechem Co., Ltd.) (hereinafter, referred to as “amino acid salt B”), and thus a powder of a zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B was obtained.

(Production Example 4: Zinc Oxide Particle (20 nm) Surface-Treated with Amino Acid C)

The same manner as in Production Example 1 was made except that the surface treatment agent was changed to stearoyl glutamic acid (Amisoft HA-P manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) (hereinafter, referred to as “amino acid C”), and thus a powder of a zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid C was obtained.

(Production Example 5: Zinc Oxide Particle (20 nm) Surface-Treated with Amino Acid Salt D)

The same manner as in Production Example 1 was made except that the surface treatment agent was changed to a potassium myristoyl glutamate salt (Amisoft MK-11 manufactured by Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) (hereinafter, referred to as “amino acid salt D”), and thus a powder of a zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid D was obtained.

(Production Example 6: Titanium Oxide Particle (21 nm) Surface-Treated with Aminosilane)

Titanium oxide particles surface-treated with aminosilane were obtained by mechanochemically surface-treating a surface of 100 parts by mass of a titanium oxide particle not surface-treated (P25 manufactured by NIPPON AEROSIL CO., LTD., average primary particle size 21 nm), with 5 parts by mass of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KBE-903 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) (hereinafter, referred to as “aminosilane”) as the surface treatment agent (silane coupling agent), by a gas phase method, and binding them was subjected to washing treatment with pure water, and sufficiently dried, and thus a powder of a titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane was obtained.

(Production Example 7: Zinc Oxide Particle (20 nm) Surface-Treated with Aminosilane)

The same manner as in Production Example 6 was made except that the titanium oxide particle not surface-treated (P25 manufactured by NIPPON AEROSIL CO., LTD., average primary particle size 21 nm) was changed to a zinc oxide particle not surface-treated (FINEX-50 manufactured by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., average primary particle size 20 nm), and thus a powder of a zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane was obtained.

Next, the method of manufacturing the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and butanediol of the present invention is specifically exemplified.

Production Example 8: Adduct Compound of Titanyl Phthalocyanine and 1,2-Butanediol

In 200 ml of o-dichlorobenzene was dispersed 29.2 g of 1,3-diiminoisoindoline, 20.4 g of titanium tetra-n-butoxide was added thereto, and the resultant was heated under a nitrogen atmosphere at 150 to 160° C. for 5 hours. After cooling, a crystal precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with chloroform, washed with an aqueous 2% hydrochloric acid solution, washed with water, washed with methanol, and dried, and thereafter 26.2 g (91.0%) of crude titanyl phthalocyanine was obtained. Next, 20.0 g of the crude titanyl phthalocyanine was stirred and dissolved at 5° C. or less in 200 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid for 1 hour, and the resultant mixture was poured into 4 L of water at 20° C. A crystallized precipitate was isolated by filtration and sufficiently washed with water, and thus 180 g of a wet paste product was obtained. The product was dried and powdered, and the crystal type was an amorphous type. Next, 100 ml of o-dichlorobenzene and 50 ml of 1,2-butanediol were taken in a flask, and 8 g of a titanyl phthalocyanine-amorphous dry powder was added thereto. Next, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. The mixture was left to stand half a day and poured into 800 ml of methanol, and a crystal was precipitated. The crystallized precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with methanol, and dried, and thus 8.4 g of an objective titanyl phthalocyanine crystal was obtained. The isolated titanyl phthalocyanine crystal had the maximum peak at a Bragg angle 2θ; 26.5 degrees, and additionally had peaks at 12.5 and 16.1 degrees.

Production Example 9: Adduct Compound of Titanyl Phthalocyanine and 2,3-Butanediol

A crystal was prepared by the same method as in Production Example 8 except that 1,2-butanediol was replaced by 2,3-butanediol. The isolated crystals had peaks at Bragg angles 2θ; 8.5, 9.4, 12.3, 15.3, 19.1, 23.7, and 26.4 degrees.

Next, the existing Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine crystal and α-type titanyl phthalocyanine crystal were prepared for comparison.

Production Example 10: Y-Type Titanyl Phthalocyanine Crystal

To a beaker were added 60 ml of methyl ethyl ketone and 20 ml of water, and 40 g (solid content 11%) of the titanyl phthalocyanine-wet paste product described in Production Example 8, and these were stirred at room temperature for 8 hours, and left to stand overnight. To this viscous mixture was added 500 ml of methanol, and thus a crystallized precipitate was obtained. The crystallized precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with methanol, and dried, and 4.2 g of an objective titanyl phthalocyanine crystal (Y-type crystal) was obtained. The crystal was characterized by having peaks remarkably developed, at Bragg angles 2θ; 9.6 degrees and 27.4 degrees (Y-type crystal).

Production Example 11: α-Type Titanyl Phthalocyanine Crystal

Five grams of the titanyl phthalocyanine-amorphous dry powder described in Production Example 8 was suspended in 300 ml of acetic acid, and heated and refluxed for 8 hours. After still standing half a day, α-type titanyl phthalocyanine was taken by filtration. The crystal had the maximum peak at a Bragg angle 2θ; 7.9 degrees, and additionally had peaks at 22.8 and 28.8 degrees.

(Production of Negatively-Charged Stacked Photoconductor)

Example 1

A slurry was prepared by adding 48.0 parts by mass of a polyvinyl phenol resin (trade name: Marka Linker MH-2: manufactured by Maruzen Petrochemical Co., Ltd.) as the resin binder in the undercoat layer, 42.0 parts by mass of a melamine resin (trade name: U-VAN 2021: manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., ratio of solid content 75%), and 239.0 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer, to a mixed solvent of 1500.0 parts by mass of methanol and 300.0 parts by mass of butanol, as the solvent. The mass ratio (FB) between the filler and the resin binder in the slurry was 75/25. Five L of the resulting slurry was treated at a flow rate of a treatment liquid, of 300 ml, and a peripheral disc speed of 4 m/s for 20 paths by use of a disc-type bead mill packed with φ0.3-mm zirconia beads at a bulk packing ratio of 80 v/v % based on the vessel volume, and thus an undercoat layer coating liquid was obtained.

A cylindrical aluminum substrate as a conductive substrate 1 was dip coated with the undercoat layer coating liquid prepared, and thus an undercoat layer 2 was formed. The dry thickness of the undercoat layer 2 obtained by drying under conditions of a drying temperature of 135° C. and a drying time of 20 minutes was 1.5 μm.

Next, 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, synthesized in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material, and 1.5 parts by mass of a polyvinyl butyral resin (trade name “S-LEC BM-2” manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) as the resin binder were dissolved and dispersed in 60 parts by mass of dichloromethane, and thus a charge generation layer coating liquid was prepared. The undercoat layer 2 was dip coated with the charge generation layer coating liquid. A charge generation layer 4 having a thickness of 0.3 was formed by drying at a temperature of 80° C. for 30 minutes.

Next, 10 parts by mass of a compound represented by the following II-1, as the charge transport material, and 10 parts by mass of a polycarbonate resin (Iupizeta PCZ-500 manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc.) as the resin binder were dissolved in 80 parts by mass of dichloromethane. After dissolution, 0.1 parts by mass of a silicone oil (KP-340 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Polymer Co., Ltd.) was added, and thus a charge transport layer coating liquid was prepared. The charge generation layer 4 was dip coated with the charge transport layer coating liquid prepared, and dried at a temperature of 90° C. for 60 minutes, to thereby form a charge transport layer 5 having a thickness of 25 μm and thus an electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared.

[Image Omitted]

Example 2

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 1 was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 3

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 1 was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 4

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 1 was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 5

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1 was changed to the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3.

Example 6

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 3 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 3, was changed to the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3.

Example 7

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt C, obtained in Production Example 4.

Example 8

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 3 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 3, was changed to the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt C, obtained in Production Example 4.

Example 9

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt D, obtained in Production Example 5.

Example 10

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 3 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 3, was changed to the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt D, obtained in Production Example 5.

Example 11

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the first filler (F1), and 119.5 parts by mass of the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6, as the second filler (F2) (F1/F2=50/50).

Example 12

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 11 except that the filler ratio (F1/F2) in the undercoat layer in Example 11 was changed to F1/F2=20/80, 47.8 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the first filler (F1), and 191.2 parts by mass of the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6, as the second filler (F2).

Example 13

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 11 except that the filler ratio (F1/F2) in the undercoat layer in Example 1 was changed to F1/F2=80/20, 191.2 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the first filler (F1), and 47.8 parts by mass of the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6, as the second filler (F2).

Example 14

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 11 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 11, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 15

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 12 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 12, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 16

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 13 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 13 was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 17

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the first filler (F1), and 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3, as the second filler (F2)(F1/F2=50/50).

Example 18

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 17 except that the filler ratio (F1/F2) in the undercoat layer in Example 17 was changed to F1/F2=20/80, 47.8 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the first filler (F1), and 191.2 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3, as the second filler (F2).

Example 19

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 17 except that the filler ratio (F1/F2) in the undercoat layer in Example 17 was changed to F1/F2=80/20, 191.2 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the first filler (F1), and 47.8 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3, as the second filler (F2).

Example 20

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 17 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 17, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 21

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 18 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 18, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 22

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 19 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 19, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 23

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (35 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 2, as the first filler (F1), and 119.5 parts by mass of the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6, as the second filler (F2) (F1/F2=50/50).

Example 24

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 23 except that the filler ratio (F1/F2) in the undercoat layer in Example 23 was changed to F1/F2=20/80, 47.8 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (35 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 2, as the first filler (F1), and 191.2 parts by mass of the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6, as the second filler (F2).

Example 25

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 23 except that the filler ratio (F1/F2) in the undercoat layer in Example 23 was changed to F1/F2=80/20, 191.2 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (35 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 2, as the first filler (F1), and 47.8 parts by mass of the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6, as the second filler (F2).

Example 26

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 23 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 23, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 27

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 24 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 24, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 28

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 25 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 25, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 29

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (35 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 2, as the first filler (F1), and 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3, as the second filler (F2) (F1/F2=50/50).

Example 30

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 29 except that the filler ratio (F1/F2) in the undercoat layer in Example 29 was changed to F1/F2=20/80, 47.8 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (35 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 2, as the first filler (F1), and 191.2 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3, as the second filler (F2).

Example 31

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 29 except that the filler ratio (F1/F2) in the undercoat layer in Example 29 was changed to F1/F2=80/20, 191.2 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (35 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 2, as the first filler (F1), and 47.8 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3, as the second filler (F2).

Example 32

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 29 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 29, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 33

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 30 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 30, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 34

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 31 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 31, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 35

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3, as the first filler (F1), and 119.5 parts by mass of the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6, as the second filler (F2) (F1/F2=50/50).

Example 36

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 35 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 35, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 37

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt B, obtained in Production Example 3, as the first filler (F1), and 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt C, obtained in Production Example 4, as the second filler (F2) (F1/F2=50/50).

Example 38

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 37 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 37, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 39

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt C, obtained in Production Example 4, as the first filler (F1), and 119.5 parts by mass of the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6, as the second filler (F2) (F1/F2=50/50).

Example 40

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 39 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 39, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 41

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt C, obtained in Production Example 4, as the first filler (F1), and 119.5 parts by mass of the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with the amino acid salt D, obtained in Production Example 5, as the second filler (F2) (F1/F2=50/50).

Example 42

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 41 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 41, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Example 43

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 11 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 11, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 44

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 12 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 12, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 45

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 13 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 13 was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 46

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 11 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 11, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 47

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 17 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 17, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 48

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 17 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 17, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 49

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 23 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 23, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 50

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 23 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 23, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 51

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 29 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 29, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 52

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 29 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 29, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Example 53

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 11 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 11, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9, and 0.2 parts by mass of the α-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 11 and furthermore the compound represented by II-1, as the charge transport material, was changed to a compound represented by the following II-8.

[Image Omitted]

Comparative Example 1

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to the zinc oxide particle (20 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 7.

Comparative Example 2

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Comparative Example 1 except that the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Comparative Example 1, was changed to the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9.

Comparative Example 3

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Comparative Example 1 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Comparative Example 1 was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Comparative Example 4

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Comparative Example 1 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Comparative Example 1 was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Comparative Example 5

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that the zinc oxide particle surface-treated with the amino acid salt A, obtained in Production Example 1, as the filler in the undercoat layer in Example 1, was changed to the titanium oxide particle (21 nm) surface-treated with aminosilane, obtained in Production Example 6.

Comparative Example 6

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Comparative Example 5 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Comparative Example 5, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Comparative Example 7

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Comparative Example 5 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Comparative Example 5, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, and 0.2 parts by mass of the α-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 11.

Comparative Example 8

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Comparative Example 5 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Comparative Example 5, was changed to 0.8 parts by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 2,3-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 9, and 0.2 parts by mass of the α-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 11.

Comparative Example 9

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Comparative Example 5 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Comparative Example 5, was changed to 1 part by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Comparative Example 10

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 1 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 1, was changed to 1 part by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Comparative Example 11

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 11 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 11, was changed to 1 part by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Comparative Example 12

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 5 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 5, was changed to 1 part by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

Comparative Example 13

An electrophotographic photoconductor was prepared by the same method as in Example 35 except that 1 part by mass of the adduct compound of titanyl phthalocyanine and 1,2-butanediol, obtained in Production Example 8, as the charge generation material in Example 35, was changed to 1 part by mass of the Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 10.

(Evaluation of Photoconductor)

The photoconductors prepared in Examples 1 to 53 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13 described above were evaluated about electric characteristics before and after printing duration, potential stability in environmental variation, and transfer performance, by the following methods.

Each of the electrophotographic photoconductors obtained in Examples 1 to 53 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13 was mounted on a black drum cartridge of a commercially available color printer (MultiXpress X7600 LX manufactured by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.), a test pattern at a printing rate of 1.1% was printed on 90000 sheets for A3 by use of a black toner, and electric characteristics (electric characteristics before and after printing duration) of each of the electrophotographic photoconductors were measured before and after printing.

A surface of each of the photoconductors was charged to −650 V by corona discharge in a dark place under the environment at a temperature 22° C. and a humidity of 50%, and thereafter the surface potential V0 immediately after charging was measured. Subsequently, the resultant was left to still stand in a dark place for 5 seconds, and thereafter the surface potential V5 was measured and the potential retention rate Vk5 (%) after 5 seconds after charging was determined according to the following calculation expression (1):

Vk
⁢
5

=

V
⁢
5

/

V
⁢
0

×
100.

(
1
)

Next, each of the photoconductors was irradiated with exposure light at 1.0 μW/cm², the light being dispersed to 780 nm by use of a filter, with a halogen lamp as a light source, for 5 seconds from a time point where the surface potential reached −600 V, and the amount of exposure required for light attenuation until the surface potential reached −300 V was determined as E1/2 (μJ/cm²) and the residual potential on the photoconductor surface after 5 seconds after exposure was determined as VL (V). The amount of reduction in retention rate ΔVk5 and the amount of increase in residual potential ΔVL were evaluated according to the following expressions.

Amount
⁢

of
⁢

reduction
⁢

in
⁢

retention
⁢

rate
⁢

Δ
⁢
Vk
⁢
5

=

Vk
⁢
5
⁢

before
⁢

printing

-

Vk
⁢
5
⁢

after
⁢

printing
⁢

for
⁢

90000
⁢

sheets

Amount
⁢

of
⁢

increase
⁢

in
⁢

residual
⁢

potential
⁢

Δ
⁢
VL

=

VL
⁢

after
⁢

printing
⁢

for
⁢

90000
⁢

sheets

-

VL
⁢

before
⁢

printing

ΔVk5 indicates the degree of reduction in retention rate before and after printing duration, and if the value is as large as 3.0 or more, the reduction in charge retention rate after printing duration is large and fogging (scumming) on a blank sheet easily occurs. The difference of Vk5 between before and after printing (ΔVk5) was less than 1.0 was indicated as ⋅, between 1.0 and 3.0 as ○, between 3.0 and 5.0 as Δ, and 5.0 or more as ×.

ΔVL indicates the degree of increase in residual potential before and after printing duration, and if the value is large, the printing density is easily reduced. In particular, a value of 0.02 or more is not preferable because a reduction in printing density is increased. The printing density of an image was measured with a densitometer (GretagMacbeth RD-19I), and the difference of density between before and after printing was less than 0.02 was indicated as ○, between 0.02 and 0.05 as Δ, and 0.05 or more as ×.

Each of the photoconductors obtained in Examples 1 to 53 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13 was loaded on a commercially available color printer (MultiXpress X7600 LX manufactured by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.), and the charge potential was measured at a high temperature of 32° C. and a high humidity of 80% RH, and at a low temperature of 10° C. and a low humidity of 20% RH. The difference between the charge potential at the high temperature and high humidity and the charge potential at the low temperature and low humidity was defined as the amount of variation, and the amount of variation was less than 30 V was indicated as ○, between 30 V and 60 V as Δ, and more than 60 V as ×. The amount of variation represents the variation in image quality due to the environment, and a variation of 30 V or more is not preferable because the shading of an image is caused. In Table 8 to Table 10, the “Potential stabilities at high temperature and high humidity and at low temperature and low humidity” indicates the variations.

The occurrence of ghost by transfer (transfer ghost) and the change in charge potential (difference in charge potential) were evaluated as performances about transfer of each of the photoconductors.

<<Transfer Ghost>>

Each of the photoconductors obtained in Examples 1 to 53 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13 was mounted on a commercially available color printer (MultiXpress X7600 LX manufactured by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.), and a printed image was evaluated. FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically illustrating the evaluation method.

A sheet 29 and a sheet 30 are continuously inserted between a photoconductor 7 and a transfer charger 26 and a halftone image is printed on the second sheet 30 in a printer, as illustrated in FIG. 4A. When the second image is defined as the halftone, the difference in contrasting density appearing in the halftone image by the transfer voltage between the first sheet 29 and the second sheet 30 is defined as ghost by transfer (transfer ghost), as in illustrated in FIG. 4B. The transfer ghost appears as, for example, a band having a contrasting density with an interval W corresponding to one round of each of the photoconductors, from an end of the sheet 29. The width of the band corresponds to the distance between the sheet 29 and the sheet 30 (g between the sheets). FIG. 4C illustrates an example where no transfer ghost appears. Through such procedures, transfer ghosts were rated based on the following criteria:

- ⋅ represents a very favorable level with no transfer ghost observed;
- ○ represents a level with slightly minor transfer ghost not problematic in practical use;
- Δ represents a level with minor transfer ghost problematic in practical use; and
- × represents a level where transfer ghost is clearly visible.
  
  <<Difference in Charge Potential>>

Each of the photoconductors was placed according to an arrangement of the illustration diagram of the electrophotographic apparatus illustrated in FIG. 3, by use of an electric characteristic measurement system CYNTHIA 93 with a photosensitive drum, manufactured by GENTEC. In the drawing, symbol 7 represents a photoconductor, 8 represents a charging roller, 9 represents an electrometer, and 10 represents a transfer roller. The photoconductor 7 charged to ×600 V was rotated at a peripheral speed of 100 mm/s in an arrow direction in the drawing, where the member was rotated at a transfer voltage of 0 kV three times and subsequently rotated at an increased transfer voltage of 0.2 kV three times, and subsequently the transfer voltage was increased to 6.0 kV by 0.2 kV with respect to rotations three times. The difference (ΔV0) between the charge potential of the photoconductor at a transfer voltage of 0 kV and the charge potential during a period immediately after application of a transfer voltage of 6.0 kV was measured, and the degree of influence of transfer was measured. The trend of minor ghost which cannot be sensed by evaluation with a printer can be evaluated by applying a higher transfer voltage (6.0 kV) than that in a printer and measuring ΔV0. In a case where the difference ΔV0 in charge potential is small, transfer ghost in an image tends to hardly occur, and thus the degree of influence can be evaluated with the magnitude of ΔV0. ΔV0 has an influence on the difference in contrasting density appearing in the halftone image in transfer ghost evaluation, and thus is demanded to be 20 V or less.

The conditions of the fillers in the undercoat layers and the conditions of the charge generation materials in the charge generation layers, in Examples and Comparative Examples, are shown in Tables 1 to 3 below and Tables 4 to 7 below, respectively.

In addition, the evaluation results in respective Examples and Comparative Examples are shown in Tables 8 to 10 below.

TABLE 1

Composition of undercoat layer (UCL)

First filler (F1)
Second filler (F2)

Primary

Primary

Filler

particle
Surface

particle
Surface
ratio

Type
size (nm)
treatment
Type
size (nm)
treatment
F1/F2

Example 1
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

salt A

Example 2
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

salt A

Example 3
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

salt A

Example 4
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

salt A

Example 5
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

salt B

Example 6
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

salt B

Example 7
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid C
—
—
—
100/0

Example 8
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid C
—
—
—
100/0

Example 9
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

salt D

Example 10
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

salt D

Example 11
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Example 12
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
20/80

salt A
oxide

Example 13
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
80/20

salt A
oxide

Example 14
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Example 15
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
20/80

salt A
oxide

Example 16
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
80/20

salt A
oxide

Example 17
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt A

salt B

Example 18
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
20/80

salt A

salt B

Example 19
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
80/20

salt A

salt B

Example 20
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt A

salt B

Example 21
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
20/80

salt A

salt B

Example 22
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
80/20

salt A

salt B

TABLE 2

Composition of undercoat layer (UCL)

First filler (F1)
Second filler(F2)

Primary

Primary

Filler

particle
Surface

particle
Surface
ratio

Type
size (nm)
treatment
Type
size (nm)
treatment
F1/F2

Example 23
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Example 24
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
20/80

salt A
oxide

Example 25
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
80/20

salt A
oxide

Example 26
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Example 27
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
20/80

salt A
oxide

Example 28
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
80/20

salt A
oxide

Example 29
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt A

salt B

Example 30
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
20/80

salt A

salt B

Example 31
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
80/20

salt A

salt B

Example 32
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt A

salt B

Example 33
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
20/80

salt A

salt B

Example 34
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
80/20

salt A

salt B

Example 35
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt B
oxide

Example 36
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt B
oxide

Example 37
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid C
50/50

salt B

Example 38
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid C
50/50

salt B

Example 39
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid C
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

oxide

Example 40
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid C
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

oxide

Example 41
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid C
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt D

Example 42
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid C
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt D

Example 43
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Example 44
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
20/80

salt A
oxide

TABLE 3

Composition of undercoat layer (UCL)

First filler (F1)
Second filler (F2)

Primary

Primary

Filler

particle
Surface

particle
Surface
ratio

Type
size (nm)
treatment
Type
size (nm)
treatment
F1/F2

Example 45
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
80/20

salt A
oxide

Example 46
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Example 47
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt A

salt B

Example 48
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt A

salt B

Example 49
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Example 50
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Example 51
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt A

salt B

Example 52
Zinc oxide
35
Amino acid
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
50/50

salt A

salt B

Example 53
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

salt A
oxide

Comparative
Zinc oxide
20
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 1

Comparative
Zinc oxide
20
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 2

Comparative
Zinc oxide
20
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 3

Comparative
Zinc oxide
20
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 4

Comparative
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 5
oxide

Comparative
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 6
oxide

Comparative
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 7
oxide

Comparative
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 8
oxide

Comparative
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
—
—
—
100/0

Example 9
oxide

Comparative
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

Example 10

salt A

Comparative
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

Example 11

salt A
oxide

Comparative
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
—
—
—
100/0

Example 12

salt B

Comparative
Zinc oxide
20
Amino acid
Titanium
21
Aminosilane
50/50

Example 13

salt B
oxide

TABLE 4

Charge

Composition of charge generation layer (CGL)
transport

CGM1/
CGM/
layer (CTL)

CGM1
CGM2
CGM2
resin
CTM

Example 1
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 2
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 3
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 4
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 5
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 6
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 7
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 8
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 9
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 10
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 11
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 12
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 13
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 14
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 15
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 16
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 17
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

TABLE 5

Charge

Composition of charge generation layer (CGL)
transport

CGM1/
CGM/
layer (CTL)

CGM1
CGM2
CGM2
resin
CTM

Example 18
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 19
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 20
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 21
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 22
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 23
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 24
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 25
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 26
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 27
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 28
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 29
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 30
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 31
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 32
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 33
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 34
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

TABLE 6

Charge

Composition of charge generation layer (CGL)
transport

CGM1/
CGM/
layer (CTL)

CGM1
CGM2
CGM2
resin
CTM

Example 35
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 36
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 37
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 38
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 39
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 40
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 41
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 42
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound

Example 43
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 44
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 45
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 46
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 47
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 48
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 49
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 50
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 51
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

TABLE 7

Charge

Composition of charge generation layer (CGL)
transport

CGM1/
CGM/
layer (CTL)

CGM1
CGM2
CGM2
resin
CTM

Example 52
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Example 53
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
α-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-8

butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Comparative
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

Example 1
butanediol adduct compound

Comparative
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

Example 2
butanediol adduct compound

Comparative
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

Example 3
butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Comparative
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

Example 4
butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Comparative
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
—
100/0
40/60
II-1

Example 5
butanediol adduct compound

Comparative
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
Y-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

Example 6
butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Comparative
Titanyl phthalocyanine-1,2-
α-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

Example 7
butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Comparative
Titanyl phthalocyanine-2,3-
α-type titanyl
80/20
40/60
II-1

Example 8
butanediol adduct compound
phthalocyanine

Comparative
—
Y-type titanyl
0/100
40/60
II-1

Example 9

phthalocyanine

Comparative
—
Y-type titanyl
0/100
40/60
II-1

Example 10

phthalocyanine

Comparative
—
Y-type titanyl
0/100
40/60
II-1

Example 11

phthalocyanine

Comparative
—
Y-type titanyl
0/100
40/60
II-1

Example 12

phthalocyanine

Comparative
—
Y-type titanyl
0/100
40/60
II-1

Example 13

phthalocyanine

TABLE 8

Potential characteristics

Electric characteristics
in environmental

before and after printing
variation

duration
Potential stabilities at
Transfer performance

Amount of
Amount of
high temperature and
Difference ΔV0 in

reduction
increase in
high humidity and at
charge potential by

in retention
residual
low temperature and
presence of
Transfer

rate ΔVk5
potential ΔVL
low humidity
transfer voltage
ghost

Example 1
○
○
○
5
•

Example 2
○
○
○
6
•

Example 3
○
○
○
11
○

Example 4
○
○
○
6
•

Example 5
○
○
○
7
•

Example 6
○
○
○
13
○

Example 7
○
○
○
7
•

Example 8
○
○
○
12
○

Example 9
○
○
○
5
•

Example 10
○
○
○
12
○

Example 11
•
○
○
14
○

Example 12
•
○
○
13
○

Example 13
•
○
○
11
○

Example 14
•
○
○
15
○

Example 15
•
○
○
13
○

Example 16
•
○
○
12
○

Example 17
○
○
○
16
○

Example 18
•
○
○
12
○

Example 19
○
○
○
14
○

Example 20
○
○
○
17
○

Example 21
•
○
○
11
○

Example 22
○
○
○
13
○

Example 23
•
○
○
18
○

Example 24
•
○
○
12
○

TABLE 9

Potential

characteristics in

environmental

Electric characteristics before and
variation
Transfer performance

after printing duration
Potential stabilities at
Difference ΔV0

Amount of
Amount of
high temperature and
in charge

reduction in
increase in
high humidity and at
potential by

retention rate
residual
low temperature and
presence of
Transfer

ΔVk5
potential ΔVL
low humidity
transfer voltage
ghost

Example 25
•
○
○
14
○

Example 26
•
○
○
16
○

Example 27
•
○
○
15
○

Example 28
•
○
○
17
○

Example 29
○
○
○
10
○

Example 30
○
○
○
15
○

Example 31
•
○
○
10
○

Example 32
•
○
○
13
○

Example 33
○
○
○
18
○

Example 34
○
○
○
12
○

Example 35
•
○
○
16
○

Example 36
•
○
○
10
○

Example 37
○
○
○
13
○

Example 38
•
○
○
12
○

Example 39
•
○
○
14
○

Example 40
•
○
○
16
○

Example 41
•
○
○
15
○

Example 42
○
○
○
19
○

Example 43
•
○
○
13
○

Example 44
•
○
○
15
○

Example 45