Generally, the protein can be any crude protein material and may comprise vegetable proteins such as soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten meal, wheat gluten, cottonseed, pea protein, canola meal, and peanut meal, or animal proteins such as casein, albumin, and meat protein. Examples of meat protein useful herein include beef, pork, lamb, equine, poultry, fish, and mixtures thereof. The compositions may also optionally comprise other materials such as whey and other dairy by-products. In one aspect, the protein comprises collagen, whey, or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the food compositions can comprise protein in amounts from about 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or even 55% to about 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or even 70% by weight, including various subranges within these amounts. In one aspect, the protein can be from about 20% to about 60% of the food composition by weight. In another aspect, the protein can be from about 25% to about 50% of the food composition by weight.

Additionally, the present compositions can comprise isoflavones. In various embodiments, the isoflavones include at least one of daidzein, 6-O-malonyl daidzein, 6-O-acetyl daidzein, genistein, 6-O-malonyl genistein, 6-O-acetyl genistein, glycitein, 6-O-malonyl glycitein, 6-O-acetyl glycitein, biochanin A, or formononetin. The isoflavones or metabolites thereof can be from soybean (Glycine max) in certain embodiments. Where present, the one or more metabolites preferably include equol. In one embodiment, the food compositions can comprise isoflavones in amounts from about 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or even 1,000 mg per kg of the food composition to about 500; 600; 700; 800; 900; 1,000; 1,100; 1,200; 1,300; 1,400; or even 1,500 mg per kg of the food composition, including various subranges within these amounts. In one aspect, the isoflavones can present in an amount from about 300 mg to 1,500 mg per kilogram of the pet food composition. In another aspect, the isoflavones can present in an amount from about 700 mg to 1,200 mg per kilogram of the pet food composition.

Generally, any type of carbohydrate can be used in the food compositions. Examples of suitable carbohydrates include grains or cereals such as rice, corn, millet, sorghum, alfalfa, barley, soybeans, canola, oats, wheat, rye, triticale and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the carbohydrate comprises from about 10% to about 70% of the food composition by weight. In another embodiment, the carbohydrate comprises from about 20% to about 60% of the food compositions by weight. In other aspects, the carbohydrate can be present in amounts from about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or even 50%, to about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or even 70% by weight.

Generally, the food compositions include fat. Examples of suitable fats include animal fats and vegetable fats. In one aspect, the fat source can be an animal fat source such as tallow, lard, or poultry fat. Vegetable oils such as corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, grape seed oil, soybean oil, olive oil, fish oil and other oils rich in monounsaturated and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, may also be used. In one embodiment, the food compositions can comprise fat in amounts from about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or even 50% to about 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, or even 60%, including various subranges within these amounts by weight. In one aspect, the fat comprises from about 10% to about 40% of the food composition by weight. In another aspect, the fat comprises from about 20% to about 35% of the food composition by weight.

Additionally, the present compositions can comprise omega-3 fatty acids. Non-limiting examples of suitable omega-3 fatty acids include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the omega-3 fatty acids can range from about 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, or even 3% to about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or even 5% of the composition by weight. In some embodiments, the omega-3 fatty acids are present in the food composition in an amount from about 1% to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the omega-3 fatty acids are present in the food composition in an amount from about 1% to about 2% by weight.

In addition to the fats and fatty acids discussed herein, the present compositions can comprise omega-6 fatty acids. Non-limiting examples of suitable omega-6 fatty acids include linoleic acid (LA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (AA, ARA), eicosadienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the omega-6 fatty acids can range from about 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, or even 3% to about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or even 5% of the composition by weight. In some embodiments, the omega-6 fatty acids are present in the food composition in an amount from about 1% to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the omega-6 fatty acids are present in the food composition in an amount from about 1% to about 2% by weight.

The administration of the pet food compositions can be performed on as-needed basis, an as-desired basis, a regular basis, or intermittent basis. In one aspect, the food composition can be administered to the animal on a regular basis. In one aspect, at least weekly administration can be performed. More frequent administration or consumption, such as twice or three times weekly, can be performed in certain embodiments. In one aspect, an administration regimen can comprise at least once daily consumption.

According to the presently described methods, administration, including administration as part of a dietary regimen, can span a period ranging from parturition through the adult life of the animal. In certain embodiments, the animal can be a young or growing animal. In other embodiments, administration can begin, for example, on a regular or extended regular basis, when the animal has reached more than about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% of its projected or anticipated lifespan. In some embodiments, the animal can have attained 40, 45, or 50% of its anticipated lifespan. In yet other embodiments, the animal can be older having reached 60, 66, 70, 75, or 80% of its likely lifespan. A determination of lifespan may be based on actuarial tables, calculations, estimates, or the like, and may consider past, present, and future influences or factors that are known to positively or negatively affect lifespan. Consideration of species, gender, size, genetic factors, environmental factors and stressors, present and past health status, past and present nutritional status, stressors, and the like may also influence or be taken into consideration when determining lifespan.

Such administration can be performed for a time required to accomplish one or more objectives described herein, e.g., treating renal disease. Other administration amounts may be appropriate and can be determined based on the animal's initial weight as well as other variables such as species, gender, breed, age, desired health benefit, etc.

The moisture content for pet food compositions varies depending on the nature of the food composition. The food compositions may be dry compositions (e.g., kibble), semi-moist compositions, wet compositions, or any mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the composition can be a complete and nutritionally balanced pet food. In this embodiment, the pet food may be a “wet food”, “dry food”, or food of “intermediate moisture” content. “Wet food” describes pet food that is typically sold in cans or foil bags and has a moisture content typically in the range of about 70% to about 90%. “Dry food” describes pet food that is of a similar composition to wet food but contains a limited moisture content typically in the range of about 5% to about 15% or 20% (typically in the form or small biscuit-like kibbles). In one embodiment, the compositions can have moisture content from about 5% to about 20%. Dry food products include a variety of foods of various moisture contents, such that they are relatively shelf-stable and resistant to microbial or fungal deterioration or contamination. Also, in one aspect, dry food compositions can be extruded food products for companion animals.

The food compositions may also comprise one or more fiber sources. Such fiber sources include fiber that is soluble, insoluble, fermentable, and nonfermentable. Such fibers can be from plant sources such as marine plants, but microbial sources of fiber may also be used. A variety of soluble or insoluble fibers may be utilized, as will be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The fiber source can be beet pulp (from sugar beet), gum arabic, gum talha, psyllium, rice bran, corn bran, wheat bran, oat bran, carob bean gum, citrus pulp, pectin, fructooligosaccharide, short chain oligofructose, mannanoligofructose, soy fiber, arabinogalactan, galactooligosaccharide, arabinoxylan, cellulose, chicory, or mixtures thereof.

Alternatively, the fiber source can be a fermentable fiber. Fermentable fiber has previously been described to provide a benefit to the immune system of a companion animal. Fermentable fiber or other compositions known to skilled artisans that provide a prebiotic to enhance the growth of probiotics within the intestine may also be incorporated into the composition to aid in the enhancement of the benefits described herein or to the immune system of an animal.

In one embodiment, the food compositions can include a total dietary fiber from about 1% to about 15% by weight. In some aspects, the total dietary fiber can be included in an amount from about 5% to about 15% by weight, or even from about 8% to about 13% by weight. In another embodiment, the food compositions can include crude fiber from about 1% to about 10% by weight. In some aspects, the crude fiber can be included in an amount from about 3% to about 10% by weight, or even from about 3% to about 7% by weight.

In some embodiments, the ash content of the food composition ranges from less than 1% to about 15%. In one aspect, the ash content can be from about 5% to about 10%.

Generally, the food composition can be a meal, component of a meal, a snack, supplement, or a treat. Such compositions can include complete foods intended to supply the necessary dietary requirements for an animal.

Pet food compositions may further comprise one or more substances such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, probiotics, prebiotics, salts, and functional additives such as palatants, colorants, emulsifiers, and antimicrobial or other preservatives. Non-limiting examples of suitable preservatives include potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate, calcium propionate, propionic acid, and combinations thereof. Minerals that may be useful in such compositions include, for example, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, iron, chloride, boron, copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, iodine, selenium, and the like. Examples of additional vitamins useful herein include such fat-soluble vitamins as A, D, E, and K and water-soluble vitamins including B vitamins, and vitamin C. Inulin, amino acids, enzymes, coenzymes, and the like may be useful to include in various embodiments.

Specific amounts for each additional ingredient in the pet food compositions disclosed herein will depend on a variety of factors such as the ingredient included in the first edible material and any second edible material; the species of animal; the animal's age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet; the animal's consumption rate; the purpose for which the food product is administered to the animal; and the like. Therefore, the components and their amounts may vary widely.

For example, the amount of any of the above-noted ingredients can be decreased or increased based on the estimated effect on CKD in a feline.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of embodiments of the present disclosure.

Example 1—CKD Study of Felines

Urine samples from 25 health cats and 25 cats with different stages of CKD, including four stage 1 cats, sixteen stage 2 cats, four stage 3 cats, and one stage 4 cat, were collected for untargeted metabolomics analysis. The stages were diagnosed per the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines (modified 2019) (http://www.iris-kidney.com/guidelines/staging.html).

Metabolites with different concentrations between healthy cats and cats with CKD were identified. The effects of sex and age were adjusted. The metabolite biomarker signatures were selected based on the combination of following criteria:

- 1. Student's t tests with pooled variance were performed to compare healthy cats, cats with early-stage CKD. P values were adjusted for multiple testing errors. Metabolites with adjusted p values less than 0.05 and fold change greater than 1.5 between cats with early-stage CKD and healthy cats were selected.
- 2. For each metabolite, the area under the curve (AUC) value of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which indicates accuracy for classification, was calculated between healthy cats and cats with CKD. Metabolites with the AUC value greater than or equal to 0.8 were selected.
- 3. Random Forest machine learning was performed to identify metabolites that are discriminative between healthy vs. CKD cats. Metabolites with the mean decrease accuracy score greater than 0.001 were selected.
- 4. Intersect of the three groups of metabolites from steps 1-3 above.

Normalized relative abundance was calculated for the urine metabolites with differentiation of CKD cats versus healthy cats as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Diagnostic Range

(measured as normalized relative abundance)

Late-Stage
Indeterminate
Early-Stage

Urine Biomarker
CKD
Stage
Stage
Non-CKD

Sulfate
<−1.32
−1.319 to −0.58
−0.579 to 0.20
>0.21

N-acetylglucosamine/N-
<−1.41
−1.4 to −0.61
−0.60 to 0.20
>0.21

acetylgalactosamine

hydroxyasparagine
<−1.29
−1.28 to −0.55
−0.54 to 0.40
>0.41

serine
<−1.32
−1.31 to −0.74
−0.739 to 0.40
>0.41

urea
<−1.32
−1.31 to −0.73
−0.72 to 0.30
>0.31

1-methylnicotinamide
<−1.04
−1.03 to −0.71
−0.72 to 0.40
>0.41

fructose
<−1.06
−1.05 to −0.75
−0.74 to 0.40
>0.41

3-methylhistidine
—
—
−0.77 to 0.50
>0.51

pimelate
<−1.3
−1.29 to −0.64
−0.63 to 0.20
>0.21

4-acetylphenol sulfate
<−1.1
−1.09 to −0.68
−0.67 to 0.30
>0.31

N-acetyltryptophan
<−1.07
−1.06 to −0.75
−0.74 to 0.1
>0.11

stachydrine
<−1.5
−1.4 to −0.88
−0.87 to 0.30
>0.31

felinine
<−1.4
−1.39 to −0.64
−0.63 to 0.35
>0.36

N4-acetylcytidine
<−0.92
−0.91 to 0.00
0.01 to 0.30
>0.31

2-
<−0.57
−0.56 to −0.38
−0.37 to 0.32
>0.33

methylmalonylcarnitine

4-vinylphenol sulfate
<−1.35
−1.34 to −0.60
−0.59 to 0.40
>0.41

dimethylarginine
<−1.2
−1.1 to −0.74
−0.73 to 0.43
>0.44

(SDMA + ADMA)

N2,N2-
<−1.1
−1.1 to −0.65
−0.64 to 0.40
>0.41

dimethylguanine

N6-methyllysine
<−1.4
−1.3 to −0.62
−0.61 to 0.20
>0.21

equol sulfate
—
—
−0.72 to 0.30
>0.31

prolylglycine
<−1.2
−1.1 to −0.85
−0.84 to 0.20
>0.21

O-sulfo-L-tyrosine
<−1.5
−1.4 to −0.56
−0.55 to 0.50
>0.51

N6,N6-dimethyllysine
<−1.24
−1.23 to −1.17
−1.16 to 0.30
>0.31

dihydrocaffeate sulfate
<−0.89
−0.88 to −0.60
−0.59 to −0.36
>0.361

(2)

2,6-dihydroxybenzoic
<−0.86
−0.85 to −0.63
−0.62 to 0.25
>0.26

acid

picolinoylglycine
<−1.1
−1.0 to −0.79
−0.78 to 0.20
>0.21

vanillic acid glycine
<−0.77
−0.76 to −0.63
−0.62 to 0.20
>0.21

guanosine
<−1.1
−1.0 to −0.55
−0.54 to 0.43
>0.431

N-acetylalanine
<−1.22
−1.21 to −0.54
−0.53 to 0.0
>0.1

urate
<−1.34
−1.33 to −0.58
−0.57 to 0.40
>0.41

azelate
<−1.24
−1.23 to −0.91
−0.90 to 0.0
>0.01

arginine
<−1.34
−1.33 to −0.72
−0.71 to 0.49
>0.50

nicotinamide
<−1.4
−1.3 to −0.74
−0.73 to 0.20
>0.21

ornithine
<−1.32
−1.31 to −1.0
−0.99 to 0.30
>0.31

orotate
<−1.53
−1.52 to −0.50
−0.49 to 0.32
>0.33

trans-urocanate
<−1.44
−1.43 to −0.78
−0.77 to 0.35
>0.36

N-acetylglutamate
<−1.2
−1.1 to −0.87
−0.86 to 0.30
>0.31

ribitol
<−1.39
−1.38 to −0.27
−0.26 to 0.40
>0.41

indolelactate
<−1.13
−1.12 to −0.81
−0.80 to 0.20
>0.21

maleate
<−1.0
—
−0.99 to 0.10
>0.11

cysteine s-sulfate
<−0.88
−0.87 to −0.18
−0.17 to 0.10
>0.11

1-methylhistamine
<−0.79
−0.78 to −0.16
−0.15 to 0.33
>0.34

4-hydroxyhippurate
<−1.23
−1.22 to −0.90
−0.89 to 0.10
>0.11

isovalerylglycine
<−1.2
−1.1 to −0.94
−0.93 to 0.20
>0.21

7-methylguanine
<−1.3
−1.2 to −0.56
−0.55 to 0.30
>0.31

N6-acetyllysine
<−1.3
−1.2 to −0.60
−0.59 to 0.24
>0.25

pyrraline
<−0.49
−0.48 to −0.36
−0.35 to 0.20
>0.21

N6-
<−1.2
−1.1 to −0.83
−0.82 to 0.30
>0.31

carboxymethyllysine

cyclo(gly-pro)
<−1.17
—
−1.16 to 0.35
>0.36

2-hydroxyglutarate
<−1.21
−1.20 to −0.91
−0.90 to 0.0
>0.1

N-acetyl-cadaverine
<−1.3
−1.2 to −0.31
−0.30 to 0.34
>0.35

felinylglycine
<−1.1
−1.0 to −0.91
−0.90 to 0.10
>0.11

2-piperidinone
<−1.1
−1.0 to −0.66
−0.65 to 0.17
>0.18

3-acetylphenol sulfate
<−1.03
−1.02 to −1.01
−1.0 to 0.20
>0.21

methionine sulfone
<−0.72
−0.71 to −0.20
−0.19 to 0.35
>0.36

fructosyllysine
<−1.0
−0.99 to −0.86
−0.85 to 0.30
>0.31

4-vinylguaiacol sulfate
<−1.4
−1.3 to −0.60
−0.59 to 0.40
>0.41

4-methoxyphenol
—
—
0.61 to 0.45
>0.451

sulfate

daidzein sulfate (2)
—
—
−0.82 to 0.30
>0.31

3-methoxycatechol
<−1.15
−1.14 to −0.67
−0.66 to 0.50
>0.51

sulfate (2)

N-acetylkynurenine (2)
<−1.1
−1.0 to −0.62
−0.61 to 0.10
>0.11

arabitol/xylitol
<−1.35
−1.34 to −0.75
−0.74 to 0.30
>0.31

indoleacetylglycine
<−1.2
−1.1 to −0.55
−0.54 to 0.24
>0.25

3-amino-2-piperidone
<−1.4
−1.3 to −1.2
−1.1 to 0.30
>0.31

5-hydroxy-2-
<−1.1
−1.0 to −0.47
−0.46 to 0.02
>0.03

methylpyridine sulfate

4-vinylcatechol sulfate
<−1.0
−0.99 to −0.60
−0.59 to 0.40
>0.41

oxindolylalanine
<−1.0
—
−0.99 to 0.10
>0.11

N1-methyladenosine
<−1.21
−1.20 to −0.49
−0.48 to 0.35
>0.36

choline
<−1.0
−0.99 to −0.86
−0.85 to 0.20
>0.21

3-phosphoglycerate
<−0.96
−0.95 to −0.83
−0.82 to 0.40
>0.41

N(′1)-acetylspermidine
<−1.1
−1.0 to −0.82
−0.81 to 0.39
>0.40

ethylmalonate
<−1.15
−1.14 to −0.66
−0.65 to 0.30
>0.31

guanidinoacetate
<−1.39
−1.38 to −0.87
−0.86 to 0.65
>0.64

allantoin
<−1.34
−1.33 to −0.68
−0.67 to 0.36
>0.37

In one embodiment, the urine markers can be selected from the group consisting of sulfate, N-acetylglucosamine/N-acetylgalactosamine, hydroxyasparagine, serine, urea, 1-methylnicotinamide, and fructose. In another embodiment, the urine markers can be selected from the group consisting of sulfate, N-acetylglucosamine/N-acetylgalactosamine, hydroxyasparagine, serine, urea, 1-methylnicotinamide, fructose, 3-methylhistidine, pimelate, 4-acetylphenol sulfate, N-acetyltryptophan, stachydrine, felinine, N4-acetylcytidine, 2-methylmalonylcarnitine, 4-vinylphenol sulfate, dimethylarginine (SDMA+ADMA), N2,N2-dimethylguanine, N6-methyllysine, equol sulfate, prolylglycine, O-sulfo-L-tyrosine, N6,N6-dimethyllysine, dihydrocaffeate sulfate (2), 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, picolinoylglycine, vanillic acid, glycine, guanosine, N-acetylalanine, urate, azelate, arginine, nicotinamide, ornithine, orotate, and trans-urocanate. In one aspect, the method can include using felinine as a biomarker. In another aspect, the method can include using allantoin as a biomarker.

Other markers that can be used to diagnose CKD include N-(2-furoyl)glycine, allo-threonine, 1,2,3-benzenetriol sulfate (2), 2-oxoarginine, 4-hydroxycinnamate sulfate, 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine sulfate, 4-methylcatechol sulfate, pyridoxate, 4-ethylphenylsulfate, glycerate, dimethylmalonic acid, anthranilate, pantoate, furaneol sulfate, cysteine, 2-hydroxyhippurate (salicylurate), 3-hydroxypyridine sulfate, N,N-dimethylalanine, N-acetylmethionine sulfoxide, 2-oxindole-3-acetate, maltol sulfate, pyridoxal, adenosine, uridine, asparagine, lanthionine, 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine, cholate, 1-ribosyl-imidazoleacetate, N-acetylglutamate, and pyridoxamine.

Based on the biomarkers in Table 1 (or Table 2 below), the present biomarkers can be used to diagnose CKD in cats as well as specific diagnosis of early-stage CKD and late-stage CKD. The method can include measuring a normalized relative abundance of the biomarker and determining that the feline has CKD if the normalized relative abundance of the marker is less than the range of the Non-CKD column according to Table 1. Additionally, further diagnosis can be made if the marker falls within the ranges of early-stage CKD or late-stage CKD. The method can also further comprise measuring additional markers to determine if the feline has early-stage or late-stage CKD according to the ranges listed in Table 1 when the first marker(s) fall within the ranges listed in the indeterminate stage.

Additional urine samples were collected from 30 privately-owned cats in London, UK: healthy cats (n=10), cats with stage 2 CKD (n=10), and cats with stage 3 CKD (n=10). Samples were frozen and stored in a −80° C. freezer until use. Details in sample collection, metabolomics assay, data processing and analysis were the same as previously described. Hydration and health status have a significant impact on urine concentration. Cats with CKD generally have a decreased urine specific gravity (USG) due to kidney's reduced capacity in concentrating urine. The USG value also changes with CKD progression. Thus, it is important to normalize urine samples by USG so that samples from different health states can be compared.

Studies showed urine osmolarity is a good estimator for USG. The urine metabolomics data were normalized to the osmolality of each sample on a per sample basis, transformed using the logarithm to the base 2, and then auto-scaled to achieve a zero mean and unit variance for all metabolites. Statistical data analysis was performed as previously described.

The additional markers identified using the data set were summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2

Diagnostic Range

(measured as normalized relative abundance)

Early-Stage
Indeterminate
Late-Stage

Urine Biomarker
Non-CKD
Stage
Stage
CKD

1-methylguanidine
<0.72
0.72 to 1.41
—
>1.41

4-ureidobutyrate
<0.77
0.77 to 1.38
—
>1.38

1-methyl-5-imidazolelactate
<0.78
0.78 to 1.39
—
>1.39

scyllo-inositol
<0.79
0.79 to 1.28
—
>1.28

fucitol
<0.8
0.8 to 1.29
—
>1.29

N-acetyl-1-methylhistidine
<0.82
0.82 to 1.43
—
>1.43

arachidonate (20:4n6)
<0.83
0.83 to 1.47
—
>1.47

N-formylanthranilic acid
<0.83
0.83 to 1.36
—
>1.36

N-acetyl-isoputreanine
<0.85
0.85 to 1.34
—
>1.34

3-methylglutarylcarnitine (2)
<0.86
0.86 to 1.35
—
>1.35

2-O-methylascorbic acid
<0.87
0.87 to 1.42
—
>1.42

furaneol sulfate
<0.87
0.87 to 1.32
—
>1.32

glucuronate
<0.88
0.88 to 1.49
—
>1.49

citrate
<0.88
0.88 to 1.34
—
>1.34

benzoate
<0.88
0.88 to 1.31
—
>1.31

indolin-2-one
<0.88
0.88 to 1.28
—
>1.28

nicotinamide N-oxide
<0.89
0.89 to 1.47
—
>1.47

carboxyethyl-GABA
<0.9
0.9 to 1.44
—
>1.44

lyxonate
<0.9
0.9 to 1.34
—
>1.34

glucose
<0.9
0.9 to 1.69
—
>1.69

dimethylguanidino valeric acid
<0.91
0.91 to 1.43
—
>1.43

(DMGV)

isocitrate
<0.91
0.91 to 1.42
—
>1.42

allantoic acid
<0.91
0.91 to 1.91
—
>1.91

1-methyladenine
<0.92
0.92 to 1.46
—
>1.46

N-acetyltaurine
<0.92
0.92 to 1.44
—
>1.44

trimethylamine N-oxide
<0.92
0.92 to 1.41
—
>1.41

4-hydroxyphenylacetoylcarnitine
<0.92
0.92 to 1.38
—
>1.38

1-methylhypoxanthine
<0.92
0.92 to 1.34
—
>1.34

N-acetylneuraminate
<0.92
0.92 to 1.92
—
>1.92

malonylcarnitine
<0.93
0.93 to 1.5
—
>1.5

nicotinamide riboside
<0.93
0.93 to 1.47
—
>1.47

pimeloylcarnitine/3-
<0.93
0.93 to 1.35
—
>1.35

methyladipoylcarnitine (C7-DC)

N-glycolylneuraminate
<0.93
0.93 to 1.6
—
>1.6

azelaoyltaurine
<0.93
0.93 to 1.89
—
>1.89

3-carboxyadipate
<0.94
0.94 to 1.37
—
>1.37

dimethyl sulfone
<0.94
0.94 to 1.31
—
>1.31

tartronate (hydroxymalonate)
<0.95
0.95 to 1.44
—
>1.44

ascorbic acid 3-sulfate
<0.95
0.95 to 1.38
—
>1.38

malate
<0.95
0.95 to 1.35
—
>1.35

isovalerylcarnitine (C5)
<0.95
0.95 to 1.31
—
>1.31

glutarylcarnitine (C5-DC)