Mechanical Systems

According to an embodiment, heat pump technology is used to reduce the two biggest uses of electricity. Using heat pump technology may reduce energy usage to less than one-third of that associated with conventional gas or electric resistance heaters. According to an embodiment, a water heater with refrigerant R-744 is employed. R-744 has a global warming potential of 1 (compared to common refrigerant R-410a with a global warming potential of 2088). A tight, well insulated envelope and efficient heat pump units may allow for a low energy use intensity that enables the rooftop photovoltaic system to meet the building's electrical needs. With such a tight envelope and consequent low leakage, a heat recovery ventilator may be needed to bring in fresh air. According to an embodiment, the heat recovery ventilator transfers thermal energy from air leaving the building to fresh air being drawn in in order to preheat or pre-cool outside air thereby stabilizing the temperature in the building. The heat recovery ventilator may balance the ventilation and exhaust to maintain a neutral pressure inside the building. An HVAC system in the building may be controlled via a learning thermostat that will adapt to the needs of the occupant.

Internet and Smart Home Technology

According to an embodiment, occupants of the building optimize their energy consumption through smart home technology systems which collect plug load and energy heating and cooling data throughout the year. System heating and cooling setpoints may be set for 20 degrees Celsius and 24 degrees Celsius, respectively, with the system scheduled to supply heating or cooling year-round. According to an embodiment, automatic shading devices and dimmable lighting controls provide the ability to fully control an occupant's environment. Humidification may be added, depending on the climate, for increased comfort and health. According to a further embodiment, CABN uses the Starlink™ internet satellite system from SpaceX™ to deliver high speed internet, above 100 MBps, in remote areas.

Component Strategy

According to an embodiment, the components feature sustainable materials resulting in reduced carbon dioxide emissions associated with construction and a lower overall environmental impact of construction. In some embodiments, buildings constructed using the components use one or more of standardized prefabricated floor, ceiling, and wall CLT components optimized for their respective pre-determined structural, sustainable and energy-efficient qualities. These components are configured with EIM software making them the perfect construction material to achieve a net-zero building with a minimal carbon footprint. In some embodiments, this allows for easier transportation of components and assembly of buildings in remote, cost-prohibitive and difficult to construct locations. These may include high-density urban settings, remote communities, Northern communities, locations without access to utilities and underserved communities. According to an embodiment, access to sustainable and affordable housing is provided to more people across more locations in Canada and abroad.

According to an embodiment, use of CLT as the material from which the components are comprised provides a multitude of advantages in terms of performance and sustainability of the environment such as follows.

- Environmentally Friendly: Wood products use less water, fuel and energy and have a smaller negative carbon footprint.
- Energy efficient and Carbon Sync: Components are manufactured energy efficiently and absorb carbon dioxide.
- Durable: CLT fulfils the standards for modern building material allowing the structure to be unique and intricate. So, it helps provide durable, cost effective and stylish characteristics of a building.
- Recyclable: CLT is an engineered fabricated product that can produce little on-site and off-site waste. Besides this, the waste produced can be recycled by sending it back to the manufacturer for reuse or alternatively can be compressed into pallets or chips to be burned in a similar way as coal.
- Sustainable disposal: CLT has a high thermal efficiency and can act as strong insulation while remaining easy to demolish within a small period of time as it can be light weight. The waste can be recycled or reused, hence, decreasing the labor costs during construction as well as deconstruction.
- Design Flexibility: Thickness of CLT can be easily increased for longer life spans using less support elements in the interior of the building.
- Cost Effective: According to a study performed, the cost of CLT components as compared to concrete and steel for:
  - i. mid-rise residential building was 15% less,
  - ii. mid-rise non-residential and low-rise educational building was 15-50% less,
  - iii. low-rise commercial building was 25% less; and
  - iv. one-story industrial building was 10% less.
    
    According to an embodiment, a building is manufactured according to the following process. FIG. 14 shows an example process according to some embodiments.

Module
Components are prefabricated affordably

Construction
in a controlled environment to be

prepared for shipping and assembly.

According to an embodiment, components

are manufactured from single

sheets of cross-laminated-timber (CLT).

Spaces are cut out of the sheets for

fenestrations, doors and other access

ports to the exterior, minimizing

construction waste and improving

design precision. Insulation, windows,

doors, solar panels and other accessories

may then be pre-installed prior to

transporting the components by

shipping container to the site.

Pre-
Interior and exterior walls are prefabricated

fabricated
with precision to ensure they will match up with the

walls
other modules in the completed building.

For safety and efficiency, the walls are

first prefabricated horizontally before

being hoisted to their final vertical position,

where they are secured to the floor.

According to an embodiment, CLT

components are layers of cross laminated

timber adhered together to construct large

durable precise sheets of wood

construction materials that are adjusted

and cut to specific component

specifications for the later addition of insulation,

windows doors, solar panels, or other components.

Additional
Interior finishes, windows, installation,

components
wiring, plumbing and any other

custom components requested are added at

a manufacturing plant before the module moves down

the line where the roof structure is prepared for

installation. During this process, ductwork,

additional wiring, the HVAC unit and other final

components are added to the module. The installation

of the foregoing components at the manufacturing

plant may reduce construction and assembly time on site.

For example, according to an embodiment,

the components have precision cut holes and openings

and other features such as the ductwork, wiring, or

HVAC system and other components can be

installed on the manufacturing line rather than at site.

The components are then be shipped out with the

majority of finishes completed to reduce

construction and assembly time onsite.

Insolation
Weatherproof exterior finishes, doors and

and quality
trim are also completed at a manufacturing plant,

control
manually or automatedly. According to an embodiment,

the module is subsequently cleaned and subject

to a quality inspection process, after which the

module is delivered to the site.

For example, according to an embodiment, exterior

finishes, doors, trim, and other features are all

completed at the manufacturing plant rather than on site.

Shipping
Components are standardized to fit within a 20 foot

or 40 foot shipping container, according to some

embodiments, allowing assembly in all

locations that can accept standard shipping containers.

Installation
The installation of the building on site can be 2 weeks

or 15 available days, for example.

According to an embodiment, CABN units are constructed from prefabricated components shipped to site. Use of prefabricated components may facilitate fast, non-invasive assembly on site.

According to an embodiment, one or more helical piles are used as foundations for a building constructed according to an embodiment. The helical piles are a non-invasive construction technique minimizing the impact on the soil and their installations need few machines expelling carbon dioxide to the environment. The helical piles facilitate manufacturing and transportation and allow prompt installations and easy adjustments or removals. This can help reduces construction cost for the building and can be more environmentally sustainable. Helical piles foundations are cheaper than concrete, and steel structures as helical piles save installation, transportation and long-term costs since reduced mess and reusability of screw piles makes this technology quite cost-effective according to an embodiment.

Location Analysis

According to an embodiment, site analysis is performed and includes environmental survey and consultation with conservation authorities. Consultation with conservation authorities includes discussion of animal traffic flow and environmental management strategies to minimize the environmental and ecological impact of site development. Site analysis serves to identify environmental conditions at the site of a development which subsequently guide the assembly of the building, in a manner which protects the integrity of the site's natural features, and the performance of the building. Integration of the building with the environment increases home comfort and reduces long-term costs and maintenance. Using EIM and environmental strategies, one or more computer systems, including processors, can determine local patterns such as solar positioning, climate and environment conditions for the buildings to optimize comfort. EIM uses historical weather/climate data and standard latitudinal solar azimuth ranges to calculate solar gain at any point in the year. This information can then be used to optimize building configuration to maintain thermal comfort or other indicia of comfort by exploiting the sun's positioning and intensity. This data is used to regulate the internal temperature of the building and determine whether same should be elevated or reduced. In an embodiment, EIM is used to identify local patterns for a particular site, and same is used to configure the one or more components and/or buildings accordingly.

Shipping and Assembly

According to an embodiment, the components fit within a 40′ shipping container and are efficiently shipped to location and result in faster construction than would be possible were everything built on site.

Waste and Water Strategy

According to an embodiment, the building and/or one or more components include the following features. According to an embodiment, rain water can be collected from the rooftop, filtered and deposited into the reservoir and subsequently used for gardening and domestic use. According to a further embodiment, greywater is treated by filtration, sedimentation, flotation, digestion and disinfection to be used for irrigation and washing. Low flow plumbing fixtures may be used to conserve water. According to an embodiment, waste water is treated via an sustainable waste water treatment plant.

Biophilic Design

According to an embodiment, the building and/or one or more components include one or more biophilic design features. Biophilic design features may include abundant natural light, green walls, green roof installations, natural building materials, components in shades of green and brown. The building and/or one or more components include colours, objects, sequences, and/or shapes selected to reflect nature.

According to an embodiment, FIG. 6 shows solar panels included in the building. The solar panels can be used to help the building approach net-zero energy use and efficiency.

According to an embodiment, FIG. 7 shows sun azimuth and elevation at a building in July.

According to an embodiment, FIG. 8 shows a solar roof included in the building. The building is configured as a highly efficient building structure that reduces solar gain in summer months through shading and window placement and takes advantage of solar gain in winter months through orientation, wall and roof angles. The building reduces overall energy requirements to maintain thermal comfort while also optimizing roof orientation for peak solar energy generation all year round.

According to an embodiment, FIG. 9 shows a comparison of total yearly building surface solar energy resource for buildings having the indicated features, a sloped roof, a flat roof, or a south wall.

According to an embodiment, FIGS. 10 and 11 show annual cooling energy and annual heating energy for a building having thermal bridging using glazed windows.

According to an embodiment, FIG. 12 shows various external shades at buildings.

According to an embodiment, FIG. 13 shows a panel component for a building having various arranged layers, including timber cladding, 22 mm impregnated wood fibre insulation board, 200 mm wood fibre insulation board, 90 mm crosslam timber panel, 60 mm×60 mm counter battens, 60 mm service zone (insulated), and mineral/clay/plaster lining board.

According to an embodiment, a building is assembled at a site having the following specifications.

GFA (m2)
GFA (ft2)

Ground Floor
60.71
653.48

First Floor
28.907
311.15

Deck
35.64
383.63

Total
125.25
1348.25

In some embodiments, a building is assembled at a site having other specifications. In particular, a building having other dimensions can be constructed. For example, various buildings can range from 540 sq ft to 1853 sq ft or be outside such sizes. EID and EIM processes are used with all features described herein to implement designs and construct other buildings, such as multi residential units and large homes.

The following table is a comparison of various features of a building constructing using wood frame construction, brick construction, and CLT components (according to some embodiments). A building constructed according to some embodiments can have the various advantages shown.

Comparison | Fact Sheet

Wood Frame
Brick
CTL

Quality
Construction
Construction
Components

Fire Resistance
15-30 minutes
Walls 90
60-150 min
+100-300%

min

improvement

Ceilings~

10-30 min

Thermal
Only by
U-value of
U-value of 0.2
First static loading-

Insulation
additional
0.2 only
with 38 cm
bearing building

insulation
with ~80 cm
Holz100
material that can be

materials
bricks

used without insulation =

passive house values

Radiation
Attenuation
16 dB
34 dB
Best radiation

Shielding E
averages 2 dB

shielding

Netz + UMTS

2022

Toxin Free
Constructed
Sewage
Pure, untreated
Uncompromising for

with glued
sludge
wood
allergy sufferers and

plates, glue,
disposal in

those sensitive to air

foils, etc.
cement +

pollution

brick

production

Construction
Available dried
1-2 years
Available dried
The dry CLT

Time/Moisture

drying time,

components are ready

Content

5-10 years

to move in

reinforced

immediately

concrete

Primary Energy
~3 times energy
Brick
Renewable =
Building without

Use
input as full
burning
solar energy
environmental impact

wood
energy

becomes possible

CO2 Balance
Co2 binding
The
1 to wood
Building without

Ecology
through wood-
production 1
binds 2 to Co2
environmental impact

partly low wood
to cement

becomes possible

content!
release

about 0.5 of

CO2

Avg.
Wooden
+10 to 30
−20 mrem/a
Only the massive

Radioactive
cladding 0
mrem/a

wooden house offers

contamination
mrem/a,

lower load values than

compared to
Gypsum

the ambient radiation

outdoor values
plasterboard +5

to 15 mrem/a

Quality
Wood Frame
Brick
CTL

Construction
Construction
Components

Windproof/
High risk due to
Risk of cold
Monolithic
Risk reduction to 0

Condensation
violation of
spots,
wood

vapor barriers
concrete
construction =

and error in
falls, etc.
100%

small details

condensation-

free +

windproof

Thermal
Approx. 10-15
Approx. 120
Approx. 210-
The higher cooling

Quality
hours
hours
360 hours
time is a measure of

(in cooling

thermal equilibrium in

time)

contrast to the “barrack

climate”

Wall Surface
About 21°
About 8°
About 21°
The best comfort is

(after 3 hours
Celsius
Celsius
Celsius
offered by CLT wall

of heating)

component

Wall surface
About −8°
−5.5°
+6° Celsius
The best comfort is

after 210 hours
Celsius
Celsius

offered by CLT wall

(no heat,

component

outdoor @

10° C.)

Soundproofing
The lightness of
Brick
Solid wood
CLT components are

the system is a
building is
reaches brick
practically equivalent

disadvantage
state of the
values
to solid construction

art

FIGS. 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 show various specifications according to various example embodiments.

FIG. 15 shows data modelling an energy informed design according to some embodiments. A thermal comfort zone can be maintained in some embodiments, taking into account heating, active solar, passive solar heating, humidification, internal gains, natural ventilation, evaporative cooling, air conditioning and dehumidification, mass cooling, and mass cooling and night ventilation, such as depicted. Various of these factors can be modulated to achieve the comfort zone. The energy informed design implemented according to some embodiments is configured to arrange standardized components into optimal configuration(s) to maintain ASHRAE thermal temperature standards with reduced energy requirements such as exemplified in FIG. 15.

FIG. 15 shows a study of the variable temperature of a building without using energy informed design (EID) in the dots in a parametric graph, while the EID buildings as implemented according to some embodiments allow for the temperature to remain in the highlighted area through design and the integrated technologies. CABN is referred to herein as an example of embodiments described herein.

FIGS. 16 and 17 show example particulars for a building maintained according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 18 and 19 show example advantages of a building, referred to as having Composite Components, maintained according to some embodiments.

Embodiments as described herein can implement industry leading energy efficient smart homes for unique locations around the world allowing you to live anywhere; whether it's an addition to your home in the city or a new home on a lake or mountain. Using our innovative prefabricated component strategy combined with energy modelled design and renewable energy technology you can live affordably and sustainably anywhere. The energy informed design combined with biophilia ensures you live comfortably without the cost, and through smart home technology, you can remain connected to the world. Embodiments as described herein can be configured for various climates and conditions and settings, such as mountain, snow, city, beach, dune, and lake, among others.

Embodiments of the configured buildings are designed for optimal interior comfort through seasonal variation maintaining ideal temperatures, humidity and air quality inside the house. Energy informed modeling explores energy efficiency and consumption, taking into account all building design variables.

In some embodiments, EID modeling is configured to produce structures that remain in the optimal comfort zone with little energy needed for excess supplemental heating and cooling systems. In some embodiments, the EID modeling is configured to take into account: orientation, location, occupancy rate, building insulation values, ventilation and infiltration (economizer, air-change rate & use), exterior fenestration (SHGC, U-value, r-value, area ratio), shades implementation (fixed, moveable, size & orientation, manual vs automated), and component configuration such as described herein.

An example building configured according to some embodiments has the following specifications.

- CABN Home for 600 sq ft: Cooling (kWh): 1,324|Heating (kWh): 1,080|Total Annual Energy (kWh): 2,404 kWh/year
- Standard Energy Efficient Home for 600 sq ft: Annual Energy (kWh): 6485 kWh/year
- Traditional home for 600 sq ft: Annual Energy (kWh): 9197.397 kWh/year

An example embodiment will now be described. This embodiment will be referred to as CABN and/or CABN.CO.

Net Zero Design Strategies
What is Net-Zero?

Net Zero Energy is defined by the use of energy conservation, energy efficiency, and on-site renewable energy generation to account for 100% of a targeted building's or community's energy usage.

In some embodiments, CABN net-positive energy strategy uses integrated systems for renewable energy with Solar Panels and a leading battery storage system. Net-zero status is achieved by using a combination of renewable power generators and low-energy building techniques, such as Passive Haus building design strategies, CABN's Energy Informed Design (EID), building orientation strategies, efficient heating and cooling systems, high performance insulation, windows and doors and innovative domestic hot water technology.

Producing CABN buildings with solar panels contributes to the electric grid and reduces the cost of electricity for residents, according to some embodiments. Today, solar panels technology has become more competitive, boosting from the home systems to the municipal electrical grid, reducing ongoing maintenance and living expenses.

a. Orientation and Passive Solar Gain

Orientation to the sun and passive solar gain alter the thermal temperature and energy inside all buildings, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, using Energy Informed Design (EID) CABN.CO buildings are performance optimized for the heating and cooling of the building due to changes in solar gain (sun exposure). Through orientation, window optimization and shade strategies the CABN buildings minimize fluctuations in peak hot and cold temperature and minimize energy consumption to maintain thermal comfort (as shown in FIG. 20 and FIG. 21).

b. Solar Roof Renewable Energy Strategy

In some embodiments, CABNs are designed as a highly efficient building structure that reduces solar gain in summer months through shading and window placement and takes advantage of solar gain in winter months through orientation, wall and roof angles. The buildings reduce overall energy requirements to maintain thermal comfort while also optimizing roof orientation for peak solar energy generation all year round (as shown in FIG. 22).

c. Glazing, Thermal Bridging and R-Value

In some embodiments, CABN.CO Glazing and Thermal Bridging strategy includes high performance windows while minimizing energy loss. The Energy modeling analysis rates the wall insulation R-values at R-37 for optimal performance of the building. R-values are essential to reduce energy usage and improve efficiency. In some embodiments, the Energy modeling takes ASHRAE 62.1-2019 energy standard to define the acceptable combination of temperature and humidity that CABN.CO incorporates to perform thermal comfort. In some embodiments, optimal performance is addressed when considering the annual cooling and heating energy demand of the building, as is illustrated below (as shown in FIG. 23 and FIG. 24).

d. CABN Window Orientation and Insulation Strategy

In some embodiments, CABN.CO high performance window strategy accounts for insulation and solar gain in relation to window orientation. In some embodiments, CABN.CO Energy informed design (EID) accounts for an average window U-value of 0.8 W/(m{circumflex over ( )}2*K) throughout the entire structure with allowances of the increased solar gain and reduced U-Value strategies on southern oriented windows. This allows passive internal temperature management through strategic solar gain and loss, while maintaining a high performing average u-value window throughout the structure (as shown in FIG. 25 and FIG. 26).

e. Mechanical Systems

In some embodiments, the Net Zero design strategy assesses the building envelope and evaluates for optimal efficiency using energy-informed design in order to bring the Energy Use Intensity (EUI) as low as feasible. This strategy reduces the size and complexity of the mechanical systems and improves indoor thermal comfort without heavy reliance on the HVAC system. Domestic Hot water heating and cooling are the two large categories of energy use in typical homes. In some embodiments, each CABN uses the latest heat pump technology in order to reduce the two biggest uses of electricity. Utilizing a heat pump for space heating can reduce energy usage to less than one-third of conventional gas or electric resistance heaters. New advancements in refrigerants for domestic water heaters allow for R-744 which has a global warming potential (GWP) of 1, compared to common R-410 which has a GWP of 2088.

New advancements in heat pump technology allow for the domestic hot water heater and Heat/Cool heat pump system to operate down to −20 F. In some embodiments, the domestic hot water system utilizes a storage tank with an outside condenser so that hot water can be provided on-demand without the high kW draw of instantaneous hot water heaters. In some embodiments, the heating and cooling heat pump system utilizes the space above the bathroom ceiling for the fan coil. This reduces system noise and provides a clean integrated design that does not distract from the beautiful exposed timber interior.

Having a tight, well-insulated envelope, and efficient heat pump units allow for a low EUI that enables the rooftop PV to meet the building's electrical needs, according to some embodiments. With such a tight envelope that has low leakage, a heat recovery ventilator brings in the fresh air. In some embodiments, this system exchanges the energy (not the air) from the building exhaust system to incoming air to preheat or pre-cool outside air to provide a more neutral air temperature to space. This system balances the ventilation and exhaust so the right amount of outside air gets to the space while keeping the space at neutral pressure. The HVAC system is controlled via a learning thermostat that adapts to the needs of the occupant (as shown in FIG. 27).

Home Energy Management
Internet and Smart Home Technology

In some embodiments, CABN.CO integrated home energy management system ensures energy efficiency and temperature comfort all year round. In some embodiments, smart home technologies collect plug load and energy heating and cooling data throughout the entire year. In some embodiments, intelligent control systems along with app enabled devices allow for improved energy efficiency.

Through Smart home technology systems occupants can optimize their energy consumption throughout the duration of ownership.

In some embodiments, CABN.CO buildings leverage the latest in IoT technology to allow for full control of buildings electrical devices, view solar PV production. Change temperature from anywhere, view security systems remotely, and control air quality.

In some embodiments, automatic shading devices and dimmable lighting control allow for the ability to have full control of your environment. Depending on the climate, humidification can be added for increased comfort and health. The building can include automatic humidification based on a monitored climate condition. For example, the building can have sensors to sense the humidity, temperature, or other factors in the environment inside and/or outside the building and automatically adjust humidification, shading, lighting, temperature, energy consumption, or other factor inside the building or inside components of the building based on same.

In some embodiments, the building is configured with a smart home energy management system. This can allow an occupant to stay connected for work, get connected to nature, and connect with the energy of their home.

Biophilic Design

In some embodiments, biophilic benefits increase wellness, creativity, and productivity.

In some embodiments, CABN.CO Energy Informed Design (EID) creates a double interaction between the affiliation to nature and solving human problems. CABN connection with the environment is evident from the abundance of natural light, natural materials, and indoor outdoor connection. In some embodiments, the physical manifestation of nature as well as nature reflecting from colours, objects, sequences and shapes are incorporated into the building (as shown in FIG. 28 and FIG. 29).

Biophilia is the innate, biological connection humans share with nature. The founder of the concept of biophilia believed that contact with nature is a basic human need. Studies have shown that daylight regulates our mood, the speed of digestion, and development of new cells. Just like a daily dose of healthy food and exercise is important, a daily dose of nature is needed to help feel our best.

Most of today's homes lack biophilic design as a part of the architecture. Spaces that lack this design principle can feel bland, sterile, uninviting, or plain. In some embodiments, CABN buildings incorporate biophilia, feel comfortable, are inviting and integrated into their natural environment.

In some embodiments, the building is configured to enable biophilic wellness and conscious living including a healthy kitchen design. The building has a design, size and style for an artistic home with quality sustainable materials.

CABN Standardized Prefabricate Composite Strategy

In some embodiments, CABN.CO Component strategy encourages the use of sustainable materials to reduce carbon emissions and lower the impact of construction. In some embodiments, CABN.CO structures use standardized prefabricated floor ceiling and composite Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) walls optimized for their required structural, sustainable and energy-efficient qualities. In some embodiments, these components are configured with CABN.CO EID software and allow it to be the optimal construction material to achieve a net-zero building with a minimal carbon footprint. CABN sustainable component strategy allows easy transportation and assembly of CABNs (buildings) in remote, cost-prohibitive and difficult to construct locations. This includes high-density urban settings, remote communities, Northern Canadian communities, locations without access to utilities and underserved communities. This provides access to sustainable and affordable housing to more people across more locations in Canada.

As shown in FIG. 30, CABN.CO component CLT proposes a multitude of advantages in terms of performance and sustainability of the environment.

Environmentally Friendly

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is designed to replace structural steel and concrete for low rise multi residential housing. This structural technology requires less maintenance, less energy and water along with a carbon neutral footprint, which benefits the overall community.

Durable

In some embodiments, cross Laminated Timber (CLT) fulfills the requirements of modern building material allowing the structure to be unique and intricate. Its strong structure make the CLT quality more durable than standard construction strategies.

Recyclable

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered fabricated product that produces little on-site waste. Additionally, the waste produced is recycled by sending back to the manufacturer for reuse or alternatively can be compressed into pallets or chips to be burned in a similar way as coal.

Sustainable Disposal

In some embodiments, cross laminated timber has a higher thermal efficiency than traditional stick build construction and acts as a strong insulator while remaining easy to demolish within a small period due to the lightweight property of CLT. The waste can be recycled or reused hence, decreasing the labor costs during construction as well as deconstruction.

End-of-Life Recyclable

In some embodiments, CABN components are naturally biodegradable and recyclable.

Design Flexibility

In some embodiments, the thickness of cross laminated timber can be easily increased for longer spans using less support elements in the interior.

Cost Effective

As per study by FP innovators (A private not-for-profit R&D organization) in 2010 that specializes in the creation of solutions that accelerate the growth of the Canadian forest sector), the cost of CLT Components as compared to concrete and steel for

- Mid-rise residential building was 15% less,
- Mid-rise non-residential building and low-rise educational building was 15-50% less
- Low-rise commercial building was 25% less
- One-story industrial building was 10% less

Non-Invasive Architecture

In some embodiments, CABN.CO uses non-invasive site development strategies based on the specific site requirements for each project. In some embodiments, engineers assess each site and recommend the least invasive and best suited strategy based on building specifications, building purpose and site requirements. In some embodiments, a preferred non-invasive site strategy is Helical and Screw piles. When possible, in some embodiments, CABN uses Helical Piles foundations.

The Helical Piles are a non-invasive construction technique minimizing the impact on the soil and their installations need few machines expelling carbon dioxide to the environment. The helical piles facilitate manufacturing and transportation and allow prompt installations and easy adjustments or removals.

In some embodiments, the non-invasive construction strategy allows installations on multiple ecosystems, reduces construction cost, and reduces environmental impact. In some embodiments, CABN.CO foundations are cheaper than concrete, and steel structures as helical piles save installation, transportation and long-term costs since reduced mess and re-usability of screw piles makes this technology quite cost-effective.

In some embodiments, CABN.CO Foundations are suitable for all seasons and climates and can substitute concrete in remote areas. Helical and screw piles embrace transportation and climate conditions.

In some embodiments, more opportunity in site selection is enabled due to less reliance on standard construction technologies, utilities and skilled workers. This can allow for off-grid capabilities, solar, reduced water use; and year-round comfort for all-weather/locations. A home can be constructed more quickly according to some embodiments. The buildings can be used as temporary housing, a guest home, or a vacation house.

Helical Piles Vs Concrete

Modern day builders trying to implement sustainable building practices can look for alternatives to concrete when creating foundations for their building projects. Helical pile foundation systems might be the one of the best sustainable alternatives out there, and here are a few reasons why, according to some embodiments.

As shown in FIG. 31:
As shown in FIG. 32:

Machinery and
[Image Omitted]

Helical piles don't
[Image Omitted]

Concrete foundations

Manpower
require any
require specialized

specialized machinery to
machinery to process,

install, and the installation
transport, pour, and

can be carried out by a
level, as well as a large

small crew
team to carry it all out.

Environmental
[Image Omitted]

Helical piles are very
[Image Omitted]

Concrete foundation

Sustainability
simple to manufacture and
installation leaves a huge

install. They are easy to
carbon footprint from the

transport because of their
machinery, process, and

size, and they arrive ready
materials required.

to be installed
Concrete manu-

facturing is one of the

leading producer of

greenhouse gases

Practical and
[Image Omitted]

Due to their size and
[Image Omitted]

Any service or

Serviceable
design, helical piles can be
repair that a concrete

easily replaced, repaired,
foundation requires

expanded, or removed
will call for the same

using simple machinery
specialized machinery

and techniques
and energy output that

installation requires

Recyclable
[Image Omitted]

Helical piles can be
[Image Omitted]

Concrete can be

removed and
reused, but the act

refurbished, and reused
of removing old

as foundation at other
concrete and processing it

worksites, without the
into reusable concrete

massive impact of the
involves massive carbon

concrete carbon footprint
emissions from the same

specialized machinery

Location

In some embodiments, CABN.CO units can be placed almost anywhere. In some embodiments, through the use of CABN.CO component strategy the buildings are sustainably prefabricated in components allowing efficient shipping to site and fast non-invasive site assembly.

Location Analysis

In some embodiments, site analysis identifies environmental conditions and protects the integrity of the site's natural features and guides the assembly and performance of the building. CABN integration with the environment increases home comfort and reduces long-term costs and maintenance. In some embodiments, using Energy Informed Modeling and Environmental strategies CABN.CO can identify local patterns such as solar positioning, climate and environment conditions for the buildings to optimize comfort.

Shipping and Assembly

In some embodiments, CABN.CO Components fit within a 40′ container and are efficiently shipped to location and assembled faster than traditional construction methods.

Waste and Water Strategy

In some embodiments, CABN.CO implements non-invasive and environmental waste and water strategies based on the specific site requirements for each project. In some embodiments, each site is assessed and the least invasive and best suited strategy is recommended based on building specifications, building purpose and site requirements.

Water Efficiency

In some embodiments, water-efficient technologies are implemented and have benefits. One or more of the following can be implemented in a building, based on site analysis, for example.

- Rain Water Harvesting: In this technique, rainwater is collected from the rooftop, filtered and deposited into the reservoir, which it is used for gardening and domestic use. It is an efficient technique in dry states where rainwater can be purified and stored to be used for washing.