The quantum dot may have a single structure or a dual core-shell structure. In the case of the quantum dot having a single structure, a concentration of each element included in the corresponding quantum dot may be uniform. In a quantum dot having a core-shell structure, for example, a material included in the core and a material included in the shell may be different from each other.

The shell of the quantum dot may act as a protective layer that reduces or prevents chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. The interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of an element existing in the shell decreases toward the center of the core.

Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may include (e.g., may be) an oxide of metal, metalloid, or non-metal, a semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Examples of the oxide of metal, metalloid, or non-metal may include (e.g., may be): a binary compound, such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZnO, MnO, Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄, CuO, FeO, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, CoO, Co₃O₄, NiO, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as MgAl₂O₄, CoFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, CoMn₂O₄, and/or the like; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include (e.g., may be): as described herein, a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include (e.g., may be) CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.

A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dots may be equal to or less than about 45 nm, for example, equal to or less than about 40 nm, and for example, equal to or less than about 30 nm, and within these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility may be improved. In addition, because the light emitted through the quantum dots is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle may be improved.

In addition, the quantum dot may be specifically, spherical, pyramidal, multi-arm, or cubic nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, or nanoplate particles.

Because the energy band gap may be adjusted by controlling the size of the quantum dots, light having various suitable wavelength bands may be obtained from the emission layer including the quantum dots. Accordingly, by utilizing the quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of various suitable wavelengths may be implemented. For example, the size of the quantum dots may be selected to emit red light, green light, and/or blue light. In addition, the size of the quantum dots may be selected to emit white light by combination of light of various colors.

The color conversion layer 300 may include a plurality of color conversion regions. In an embodiment, the color conversion layer 300 may include: a first region emitting a first-color light; a second region emitting a second-color light; and a third region emitting a third-color light, wherein the first-color light, the second-color light, and/or the third-color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other.

In an embodiment, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light.

The plurality of the color conversion regions may include the quantum dots. In an embodiment, the first region may include red quantum dots, the second region may include green quantum dots, and the third region may not include quantum dots. Details on the quantum dots may be the same as described herein. Each of the first region, the second region, and/or the third region may further include a scatter (e.g., light scattering particles).

UV-Absorbing Layer 400

The UV-absorbing layer 400 may be on the color conversion layer 300.

The UV-absorbing layer 400 may selectively absorb a part (e.g., a portion) of light emitted from the light source 200 and the color conversion layer 300. For example, the UV-absorbing layer 400 may selectively absorb light having a wavelength of equal to or less than about 380 nm.

In an embodiment, a thickness of the UV-absorbing layer 400 may be in a range of about 1 μm to about 3 μm.

In an embodiment, the UV-absorbing layer 400 may include a UV-absorbing compound, and

examples of the UV-absorbing compound may include (e.g., may be): a benzophenone-containing compound, a benzoquinone-containing compound, a benzoanthraquinone-containing compound, a xanthone-containing compound, a benzotriazine-containing compound, a benzotriazinone-containing compound, a benzotriazole-containing compound, a benzoate-containing compound, a cyanoacrylate-containing compound, a triazine-containing compound, an oxanilide-containing compound, a salicylate-containing compound, a pyrene-containing compound, a naphthalene-containing compound, or an anthracene-containing compound, each substituted with a hydroxyl group; a catechol-containing compound; or a piperidine-containing compound.

In an embodiment, the UV-absorbing compound may include one of the groups represented by Formulae 1-1 to 1-5:

[Image Omitted]

- wherein, in Formulae 1-1 to 1-5,
- CY₁to CY₃may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a pyrene group, and a phenanthrene group,
- L₁₀and L₂₀may each independently be a single bond, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)₂—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NH—, a C₁-C₃₀hydrocarbon group, a C₅-C₆₀carbocyclic group, or a C₂-C₃₀heterocyclic group,
- m10 and m20 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20,
- when m10 is 0, L₁₀may be a single bond, and when m20 is 0, L₂₀may be a single bond.
- R_10aand R_10bmay each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆₀cycloalkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),
- R_10aand R_10bmay optionally be linked to each other to form a —(Y₁)_k1— linking group,
- Y₁may be —O—, —S—, or —C(═O)—,
- k1 may be an integer from 1 to 3,
- one of Y₂and Y₃may be N, and the other may be a single bond, a double bond, or —C(═O)—,
- R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, R₅₀, R₅₁, R₆₀, R₆₁, and R₆₂may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆₀cycloalkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),
- a10 may be an integer from 1 to 8,
- a20 may be an integer of 1 to 4,
- a30 and a40 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 4,
- a50 may be an integer from 1 to 9,
- a61 may be an integer from 1 to 5,
- at least one of R₁₀(s) in the number of a10 may be a hydroxyl group,
- at least one of R₂₀(s) in the number of a20 may be a hydroxyl group, and
- at least one of R₃₀(s) in the number of a30 may be a hydroxyl group.

In one or more embodiments, the UV-absorbing compound may include one of groups represented by Formulae 2-1 to 2-12:

[Image Omitted]

- wherein, in Formulae 2-1 to 2-12,
- L₁may be the same as described in connection with L₁₀,
- m1 may be an integer from 0 to 6,
- R_10c, R_10d, and R₁₁to R₁₈may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₁₀,
- a16 may be 1 or 2,
- a17 may be an integer from 1 to 4,
- b15 may be 1 or 2,
- b16 may be an integer from 1 to 4,
- b17 may be 1 or 2,
- R₂₁to R₂₄may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₂₀,
- R₃₁to R₃₅may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₃₀,
- R₄₁to R₄₄may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₄₀,
- R₆₀and R₆₂may each independently be the same as described herein,
- R₆₃to R₆₆may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₆₁, and
- at least one of R₁₁to R₁₈, at least one of R₂₁to R₂₃, and at least one R₃₁to R₃₅may each independently be a hydroxyl group.

In one or more embodiments, the UV-absorbing compound may include one of groups represented by Formulae 3-1 to 3-10:

[Image Omitted]

- wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-10,
- R₁₃to R₁₇may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₁₀,
- R₂₁to R₂₃may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₂₀,
- R₃₄may be the same as described in connection with R₃₀,
- R₆₀and R₆₂may each independently be the same as described herein,
- R₆₃to R₆₆may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₆₁, and
- m1 may be 8.

For example, the UV-absorbing compound may include 6-(2-benzotriazolyl)-4-t-octyl-6′-t-butyl-4′-methyl-2.2′-methylenebisphenol, Tinuvin 292, and/or the like.

[Image Omitted]

In an embodiment, an amount of the UV-absorbing compound may be in a range of about 1 parts by weight to about 5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the UV-absorbing layer 400.

Color Filter 500

The color filter 500 may be on the UV-absorbing layer 400. The color filter 500 may transmit light emitted from the color conversion layer 300.

The color filter 500 may include a plurality of color filter regions. For example, the color filter 500 may include: a first-first region emitting a first first-color light; a second-first region emitting a second first-color light; and a third-first region emitting a third first-color light. The first-first region to the third-first region may selectively transmit light of different colors from each other.

In an embodiment, the first-first region may include a first-color pigment and/or dye, and may selectively transmit a first-color light. The first-color light may be, for example, red light having (e.g., belonging to) a wavelength band in a range of about 580 nm to about 780 nm. In an embodiment, the second-first region may include a second-color pigment and/or dye, and may selectively transmit a second-color light.

The second-color light may be, for example, green light having (e.g., belonging to) a wavelength band in a range of about 495 nm to about 580 nm. In an embodiment, the third-first region may include a third-color pigment and/or dye, and may selectively transmit a third-color light. The third-color light may be, for example, blue light having (e.g., belonging to) a wavelength band in a range of about 400 nm to about 495 nm.

In an embodiment, the first region of the color conversion layer 300 may be between the light source 200 and the first-first region of the color filter 500, the second region of the color conversion layer 300 may be between the light source 200 and the second-first region of the color filter 500, and the third region of the color conversion layer 300 may be between the light source 200 and the third-first region of the color filter 500.

The color filter 500 including the plurality of the color filter areas may further include light-shielding patterns interposed between the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer 300 including the plurality of the color conversion areas may further include light-shielding patterns interposed between the color conversion areas.

In the electronic apparatus 1 according to an embodiment, the UV-absorbing layer 400 may include a UV-absorbing compound, and at the same time, may serve to provide a flat upper surface for the color filter 500.

In some embodiments, the electronic apparatus 1 according to an embodiment may include a second planarization layer between the color conversion layer 300 and the UV-absorbing layer 400 to provide a flat upper surface for the color filter 500.

The electronic apparatus 1 according to an embodiment may include the UV-absorbing layer 400 between the color conversion layer 300 the color filter 500. The UV-absorbing layer 400 may absorb UV light emitted from the light source 200 and the color conversion layer 300 so that damage of the color filter caused by UV light may be prevented or substantially prevented.

The region emitting blue light among the plurality of the color conversion regions of the color conversion layer 300 may transmit blue light emitted from the light source 200 to emit blue light without additional conversion. Here, UV light emitted from the light source 200 may be also transmitted together so that a portion of the color filter 500 may be damaged by UV light. By including the UV-absorbing layer 400 between the color conversion layer 300 and the color filter 500, the electronic apparatus 1 may be able to prevent or substantially prevent such damage and provide high quality.

In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus 1 may include:

- a first planarization layer between the light source 200 and the color conversion layer 300;
- a first capping layer between the first planarization layer and the color conversion layer 300;
- a second capping layer between the color conversion layer 300 and the UV-absorbing layer 400; and/or
- a second planarization layer between the second capping layer and the UV-absorbing layer 400.

Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of equal to or greater than 1.6 (at 589 nm).

The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may each optionally be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, CI, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.

Description of FIG. 3

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

The electronic apparatus of FIG. 3 may include the substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), and a light-emitting device.

The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 710 may be on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 710 may prevent or reduce penetration of impurities through the substrate 100, and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

The TFT may be on the buffer layer 710. The TFT may include an activation layer 720, a gate electrode 740, a source electrode 760, and a drain electrode 770.

The activation layer 720 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon and/or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, and/or an oxide semiconductor, and may also include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

A gate insulating film 730 for insulating the activation layer 720 and the gate electrode 740 may be on the activation layer 720, and the gate electrode 740 may be on the gate insulating film 730.

An interlayer insulating film 750 may be on the gate electrode 740. The interlayer insulating film 750 may be between the gate electrode 740 and the source electrode 760 and between the gate electrode 740 and the drain electrode 770, to insulate the source electrode 760 and the drain electrode 770 from the gate electrode 740.

The source electrode 760 and the drain electrode 770 may be on the interlayer insulating film 750. The interlayer insulating film 750 and the gate insulating film 730 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 720, and the source electrode 760 and the drain electrode 770 may be in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 720.

As such, the TFT may be electrically connected to a light-emitting device for operation, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer 780. The passivation layer 780 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. The light-emitting device may be then provided on the passivation layer 780. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 210, an interlayer 230, and a second electrode 250.

The first electrode 210 may be on the passivation layer 780. The passivation layer 280 may be arranged to expose a portion of the drain electrode 770 without fully covering the drain electrode 770, and the first electrode 210 may be arranged to be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 770.

A pixel-defining layer 790 including an insulating material may be on the first electrode 210. The pixel-defining layer 790 may expose a portion of the first electrode 210, and the interlayer 230 may be formed in the exposed portion of the first electrode 210. The pixel-defining layer 790 may be a polyimide organic film or a polyacrylic organic film. In some embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer 230 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel-defining layer 790 and may thus be arranged in the form of a common layer.

The second electrode 250 may be on the interlayer 230, and a first capping layer 270 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 250. The first capping layer 270 may be formed to cover the second electrode 250.

A first planarization layer 600 may be on the first capping layer 270, and a color conversion layer 300 may be on the first planarization layer 600. In some embodiments, the color conversion layer 300 may include a plurality of color conversion regions, such as a first region to emit red light, a second region to emit green light, and a blue light emitting region (e.g., a third region to emit or transmit blue light). Details on the color conversion layer 300 may be the same as described herein.

In some embodiments, a black matrix (BM) may exist between the plurality of the color conversion regions, to separate each color conversion region and prevent or reduce color mixing of each region. For example, the BM may be positioned between the first region and the second region and between the second region and the third region.

The UV-absorbing layer 400 may be on the color conversion layer 300. The UV-absorbing layer 400 may absorb a portion of light emitted from the light source 200 and the color conversion layer 300. Details for the UV-absorbing layer 400 may be the same as described herein.

In some embodiments, the first capping layer 270 may be formed between the first planarization layer 600 and the color conversion layer 300, and a second capping layer may be formed between the color conversion layer 300 and the UV-absorbing layer 400.

The color filter 500 may be on the UV-absorbing layer 400. The color filter 500 may include a plurality of color filter regions. For example, the color filter 500 may include a first-first region to emit red light, a second-first region to emit green light, and a third-first region to emit blue light. Details on the color filter 500 may be the same as described herein. In some embodiments, an overcoat layer may be additionally formed on the color filter 500.

The electronic apparatus may be applied to various suitable displays, light sources, lighting (e.g., lighting apparatus), personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, and/or endoscope displays), fish finders, various suitable measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and/or a vessel), projectors, and/or the like.

Manufacturing Method

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of manufacturing the electronic apparatus, the method including:

- preparing a light source on a substrate;
- preparing a color conversion layer on the light source;
- preparing a UV-absorbing layer on the color conversion layer; and
- preparing a color filter on the UV-absorbing layer.

Here, the light source may be a light-emitting device.

The color conversion layer may include quantum dots.

The UV-absorbing layer may absorb light having a wavelength of equal to or less than 380 nm.

Each of the layers constituting the electronic apparatus may be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging.

Definition of Terms

The term “C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group consisting of only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has, in addition to one to sixty carbon atoms, a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group and the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may have 3 to 61 ring-forming atoms.

The term “cyclic group” as used herein may include the C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group and the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group.

The term “π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and does not include *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group” as used herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further includes *—N═*′ as a ring-forming moiety.

For example,

- the C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group may be i) a T1 group or ii) a condensed cyclic group in which at two or more T1 groups are condensed with each other (for example, the C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group may be a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group),
- the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may be i) a T2 group, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more T2 groups are condensed with each other, or iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one T2 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other (for example, the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may be a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like),
- the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group may be i) a T1 group, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more T1 groups are condensed with each other, iii) a T3 group, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more T3 groups are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one T3 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other (for example, the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group may be the C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, and/or the like),
- the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group may be i) a T4 group, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more T4 groups are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T3 group are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one T4 group, at least one T1 group, and at least one T3 group are condensed with one another (for example, the 17 electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group may be a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like),
- the T1 group may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group,
- the T2 group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group,
- the T3 group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group, and
- the T4 group may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

The terms “the cyclic group,” “the C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group,” “the C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group,” “the π electron-rich C₃-C₆₀cyclic group,” or “the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C₁-C₆₀cyclic group” as used herein each refer to a group connected (e.g., condensed) to a cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, and/or the like) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is used. For example, the “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be easily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group”.

Examples of the monovalent C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group and the monovalent C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may include (e.g., may be) a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of the divalent C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group and the divalent C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group may include (e.g., may be) a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group, a C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group, a C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group, a C₆-C₆₀arylene group, a C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include (e.g., may be) a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an iso-nonyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, and/or the like. The term “C₁-C₆₀alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond at a main chain (e.g., in the middle) or at a terminal end (e.g., the terminus) of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group, and examples thereof may include (e.g., may be) an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and/or the like. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond at a main chain (e.g., in the middle) or at a terminal end (e.g., the terminus) of the C₂-C₆₀alkyl group, and examples thereof may include (e.g., may be) an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and/or the like. The term “C₂-C₆₀alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁(wherein Ani is the C₁-C₆₀alkyl group), and examples thereof may include (e.g., may be) a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropyloxy group, and/or the like.

The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having three to ten carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include (e.g., may be) a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, and/or the like. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that further includes, in addition to 1 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and examples thereof may include (e.g., may be) a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof, and no aromaticity, and examples thereof may include (e.g., may be) a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, and/or the like. The term “C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has, in addition to 1 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group may include (e.g., may be) a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolylgroup, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term “C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C₆-C₆₀arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₆-C₆₀aryl group may include (e.g., may be) a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, and/or the like. When the C₆-C₆₀aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀arylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The term “C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to 1 to 60 carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group may include (e.g., may be) a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiofuranyl group, and/or the like. When the C₁-C₆₀heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the two or more rings may be condensed with each other.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., the entire molecular structure is not aromatic). Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include (e.g., may be) an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, an adamantyl group, and an indeno anthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings condensed with each other, at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure (e.g., the entire molecular structure is not aromatic). Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include (e.g., may be) a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group, an azaadamantyl group, and/or the like. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.

The term “C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₂(wherein A102 is the C₆-C₆₀aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀arylthio group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —SA₁₀₃(wherein A₁₀₃is the C₆-C₆₀aryl group).

The term “C₇-C₆₀arylalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by -A₁₀₄A₁₀₅(wherein A₁₀₄is a C₁-C₅₄alkylene group and A₁₀₅is a C₆-C₅₉aryl group), and the term “C₂-C₆₀heteroarylalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by -A₁₀₆A₁₀₇(wherein A₁₀₆is a C₁-C₅₉alkylene group and A₁₀₇is a C₁-C₅₉heteroaryl group).

The term “R_10a” as used herein refers to:

- deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;
- a C₁-C₆₀alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀alkynyl group, or a C₁-C₆₀alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀arylalkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀heteroarylalkyl group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), or any combination thereof,
- a C₃-C₆₀carbocyclic group, a C₁-C₆₀heterocyclic group, a C₆-C₆₀aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀arylthio group, a C₇-C