num="0023">In the aforementioned guide strand(s), a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the coding region of the mutant allele, containing the base specified in (2-1) above in the guide strand, may have any one of:

(SEQ ID NO. 148)

5′-GGCUUCUGAUUUGCUACAU-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 149)

5′-CCUCGAUGUCGAAGAGGUC-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 150)

5′-ACACCAGUUCGUCCCUUUC-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 151)

5′-GGUACUUCUCGCUUGGUUU-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 152)

5′-GAGGCCACAGGCAUUGCAC-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 153)

5′-GAUGGGGAUCAGUCGCUUC-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 154)

5′-CUCUGACCUUUGGCCCCCU-3′

and

(SEQ ID NO. 155)

5′-AUAAGCAUGACGACCUAUG-3′.

In addition, one or more ribonucleotides in the aforementioned double-stranded RNA molecule(s) may be replaced by a deoxyribonucleotide, an artificial nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid analog.

[4-2] According to a further aspect of the present invention, in any one of the double-stranded RNA molecules described in [1-2], the gene is a BRCA2 gene, the wild-type allele is BRCA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is an A1114C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an STK11 gene, the wild-type allele is STK11 (wt) and the mutant allele is a C1062G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a PTEN gene, the wild-type allele is PTEN (wt), and the mutant allele is a C388G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an APC gene, the wild-type allele is APC (wt), and the mutant allele is a C4348T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GATA2 gene, the wild-type allele is GATA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is a C953T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an MYD88 gene, the wild-type allele MYD88 (wt), and the mutant allele is a T818C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GNAQ gene, the wild-type allele is GNAQ (wt), and the mutant allele is an A626T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an IDH1 gene, the wild-type allele is IDH1 (wt), and the mutant allele is a G395A mutant allele.

In the aforementioned guide strand(s), a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the coding region of the mutant allele, containing the base specified in (2-1) above in the guide strand, may have any one of:

In addition, one or more ribonucleotides in the aforementioned double-stranded RNA molecule(s) may be replaced by a deoxyribonucleotide, an artificial nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid analog.

[4-3] According to a further aspect of the present invention, in any one of the production methods described in [1-3], the gene is a BRCA2 gene, the wild-type allele is BRCA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is an A1114C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an STK11 gene, the wild-type allele is STK11 (wt) and the mutant allele is a C1062G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a PTEN gene, the wild-type allele is PTEN (wt), and the mutant allele is a C388G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an APC gene, the wild-type allele is APC (wt), and the mutant allele is a C4348T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GATA2 gene, the wild-type allele is GATA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is a C953T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an MYD88 gene, the wild-type allele MYD88 (wt), and the mutant allele is a T818C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GNAQ gene, the wild-type allele is GNAQ (wt), and the mutant allele is an A626T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an IDH1 gene, the wild-type allele is IDH1 (wt), and the mutant allele is a G395A mutant allele.

In addition, one or more ribonucleotides in the aforementioned double-stranded RNA molecule(s) may be replaced by a deoxyribonucleotide, an artificial nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid analog.

[4-4] According to a further aspect of the present invention, in any one of the methods for performing RNA interference described in [1-4], the gene is a BRCA2 gene, the wild-type allele is BRCA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is an A1114C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an STK11 gene, the wild-type allele is STK11 (wt) and the mutant allele is a C1062G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a PTEN gene, the wild-type allele is PTEN (wt), and the mutant allele is a C388G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an APC gene, the wild-type allele is APC (wt), and the mutant allele is a C4348T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GATA2 gene, the wild-type allele is GATA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is a C953T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an MYD88 gene, the wild-type allele MYD88 (wt), and the mutant allele is a T818C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GNAQ gene, the wild-type allele is GNAQ (wt), and the mutant allele is an A626T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an IDH1 gene, the wild-type allele is IDH1 (wt), and the mutant allele is a G395A mutant allele.

In addition, one or more ribonucleotides in the aforementioned double-stranded RNA molecule(s) may be replaced by a deoxyribonucleotide, an artificial nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid analog.

[4-5] According to a further aspect of the present invention, in any one of the therapeutic agents described in [1-5], the oncogene is a BRCA2 gene, the wild-type allele is BRCA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is an A1114C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an STK11 gene, the wild-type allele is STK11 (wt) and the mutant allele is a C1062G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a PTEN gene, the wild-type allele is PTEN (wt), and the mutant allele is a C388G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an APC gene, the wild-type allele is APC (wt), and the mutant allele is a C4348T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GATA2 gene, the wild-type allele is GATA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is a C953T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an MYD88 gene, the wild-type allele MYD88 (wt), and the mutant allele is a T818C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GNAQ gene, the wild-type allele is GNAQ (wt), and the mutant allele is an A626T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an IDH1 gene, the wild-type allele is IDH1 (wt), and the mutant allele is a G395A mutant allele.

In addition, one or more ribonucleotides in the aforementioned double-stranded RNA molecule(s) may be replaced by a deoxyribonucleotide, an artificial nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid analog.

[4-6] According to a further aspect of the present invention, in any one of the selection methods described in [1-6], the gene is a BRCA2 gene, the wild-type allele is BRCA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is an A1114C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an STK11 gene, the wild-type allele is STK11 (wt) and the mutant allele is a C1062G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a PTEN gene, the wild-type allele is PTEN (wt), and the mutant allele is a C388G mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an APC gene, the wild-type allele is APC (wt), and the mutant allele is a C4348T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GATA2 gene, the wild-type allele is GATA2 (wt), and the mutant allele is a C953T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an MYD88 gene, the wild-type allele MYD88 (wt), and the mutant allele is a T818C mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is a GNAQ gene, the wild-type allele is GNAQ (wt), and the mutant allele is an A626T mutant allele; or in any one of the aforementioned RNA molecules, the gene is an IDH1 gene, the wild-type allele is IDH1 (wt), and the mutant allele is a G395A mutant allele.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of siRNAs designed to target K-ms gene, in each of which either one of positions 9-11 corresponded to the position of the point mutation, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of an siRNA designed to target K-ms gene, in which position 11 corresponded to the position of the point mutation, the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand was replaced from guanine to uracil, and the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand was replaced from uracil to guanine, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of an siRNA designed to target K-ms gene, in which position 11 corresponded to the position of the point mutation, the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand was replaced from guanine to uracil, the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand was replaced from uracil to guanine, and the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand was replaced by OCH₃, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of siRNAs designed to target K-ms gene, in each of which position 11 corresponded to the position of the point mutation, the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand was replaced from guanine to uracil, the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand was replaced from uracil to guanine, and the base at either one of positions 3-7 is mismatched with that of the A-mutant allele, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of siRNAs designed to target K-ms gene, in each of which position 11 corresponded to the position of the point mutation, the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand was replaced from guanine to uracil, the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand was replaced from uracil to guanine, the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand was replaced by OCH₃, and the base at either one of positions 3-7 of the guide strand is mismached for the A-mutant allele, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of siRNAs specific for the A-mutant allele of K-ms gene, to the wild-type allele, the T-mutant K-ms (c. 35G>T) allele, and the C-mutant K-ms (c. 35 G>C) allele, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of siRNAs specific for a T-mutant allele of K-ms gene, to the wild-type allele, and the A- and C-mutant K-ms alleles, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of siRNAs specific for a C-mutant allele of K-ms gene, to the wild-type allele, and the A- and T-mutant K-ms alleles, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of an siRNA, which targeted the point mutation in nt 35 of cDNA of an N-ms gene, and in which position 11 corresponded to the position of the point mutation in the A-mutant N-ms (c. 35G>A) allele (hereinafter, referred to as “A-mutant N35 allele”), the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand was replaced from cytosine to uracil, the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand was replaced from adenine to guanine, the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand was replaced by OCH₃, and the base at position 5 of the guide strand was mismatched with that of the A-mutant N35 allele, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows graphs of results for silencing abilities of an siRNA, which targeted the point mutation in nt 182 of cDNA of the N-ms gene, and in which position 11 corresponded to a position of the point mutation in the A-mutant N-ms (c. 182A>G) allele (hereinafter, referred to as a “G-mutant N182 allele”), the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand was replaced from guanine to uracil, the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand was replaced from adenine to guanine, the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand was replaced by OCH₃, and the base at position 5 of the guide strand is mismatched with that of the G-mutant N182 allele, in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 11A shows graphs of the results indicating that the siRNA with the sequence of the present disclosure hardly suppresses the expression of the wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of the mutant allele, when the wild-type and A1114C mutant alleles of a BRCA2 gene are used in one example of the present invention.

FIG. 11B shows graphs of the results indicating that the siRNA with the sequence of the present disclosure hardly suppresses the expression of the wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of the mutant allele, when the wild-type and C1062G mutant alleles of an STK11 gene are used.

FIG. 11C shows graphs of the results indicating that the siRNA with the sequence of the present disclosure hardly suppresses the expression of the wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of the mutant allele, when the wild-type and C388G mutant alleles of a PTEN gene are used.

FIG. 11D shows graphs of the results indicating that the siRNA with the sequence of the present disclosure hardly suppresses the expression of the wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of the mutant allele, when the wild-type and C4348T mutant alleles of an APC gene are used.

FIG. 11E shows graphs of the results indicating that the siRNA with the sequence of the present disclosure hardly suppresses the expression of the wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of the mutant allele, when the wild-type and C953T mutant alleles of a GATA2 gene are used.

FIG. 11F shows graphs of the results indicating that the siRNA with the sequence of the present disclosure hardly suppresses the expression of the wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of the mutant allele, when the wild-type and T818C mutant alleles of an MYD88 gene are used.

FIG. 11G shows graphs of the results indicating that the siRNA with the sequence of the present disclosure hardly suppresses the expression of the wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of the mutant allele, when the wild-type and A626T mutant alleles of a GNAQ gene are used.

FIG. 11H shows graphs of the results indicating that the siRNA with the sequence of the present disclosure hardly suppresses the expression of the wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of the mutant allele, when the wild-type and G395A mutant alleles of an IDH1 gene are used.

FIG. 12 shows a graph of the results indicating that siRNAs that suppress the expression of specific mutant alleles, when evaluated on the expression of exogenous reporters in culture cells, exhibit similar specificities for the expression of endogenous genes; and

FIG. 13 shows a graph of the results indicating that siKRAS-A can inhibit tumor cell growth in vivo, in one example of the present invention.

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Objects, characteristics, advantages, and ideas of the present invention are apparent to a person skilled in the art from the description of the present specification, and the person skilled in the art can easily reproduce the present invention from the description of the present specification. Modes for carrying out the invention, specific examples thereof and so forth, which are described below, provide preferable embodiments of the present invention. They are described for the purpose of illustration or explanation, and thus the present invention is not limited thereto. It is apparent to a person skilled in the art that various alterations and modifications can be made on the basis of the description of the present specification within the spirit and the scope of the present invention disclosed in the present specification.

==RNA Molecules==

An embodiment of the present invention is RNA molecules for use in RNA interference intended to target a mutant allele with a point mutation of a single base relative to its wild-type allele of a gene. Any gene may be targeted as long as the RNA molecules according to the present disclosure can be designed for. Still, the target gene is preferably an oncogene that can transform normal cells by a point mutation. The RNA molecules herein may consist of any number of nucleotides, and the number may be 13 or more and 100 or less, 13 or more and 50 or less, 13 or more and 28 or less, 15 or more and 25 or less, or 17 or more and 21 or less. More preferably, the number is 19 or more and 21 or less. One or more (which may be 2 or more and 18 or less, 2 or more and 15 or less, 2 or more and 12 or less, 2 or more and 9 or less, 2 or more and 6 or less, or 2 or 3) ribonucleotides may be replaced by a deoxyribonucleotide, an artificial nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid analog such as inosine or morpholino. Such RNA molecules are herein called “chimeric NA molecules,” and the RNA molecules are described as including chimeric NA molecules in the present disclosure.

In the RNA molecules, a base at position 5 or 6, counted from the base at the 5′-end of a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the mutant allele, is mismatched with the base of the mutant allele, while the RNA molecules have a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of a coding region of the mutant allele in the rest of the sequence. The RNA molecules may also have a sequence other than the nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the coding region of the mutant allele, such as a sequence complementary to the complementary nucleotide sequence, with which the molecules may be self-annealed to function as siRNA. Bonac nucleic acid is an example of such a single-stranded RNA. Moreover, 1-3 nucleotide(s) may be added to the 3′-end, whose nucleotide sequences are not limited. In the case that the base at the 5′-end of the complementary nucleotide sequence is not adenine or uracil, it may be replaced by adenine or uracil or thymine. In the case that the base at the 3′-end of the complementary nucleotide sequence is not cytosine or guanine, it may be replaced by cytosine or guanine. These modifications enhance the ability of the RNA molecules to suppress gene expression when they work as siRNA guide strands. The RNA molecules may also contain chemical substances in addition to the nucleic acids for delivery, for increasing membrane permeability, or for improving retention in the blood. For example, the RNA molecules may be conjugated to GalNAc or PEG. The RNA molecules may be composed of a sequence other than the nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the coding region of the mutant allele except for the base at position 5 or 6. It should be noted that the RNA molecules have a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the mutant allele except for the base at position 5 or 6, and their sequence complementarity is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, yet more preferably 98% or more, and most preferably 100%. The base at position 5 or 6 may be any base as long as it is mismatched with that of the mutant allele. The base may be A, U, C, G, T, I, or any other artificial nucleic acid or nucleic acid analog, as long as the base is not identical to the base in the corresponding location of the mutant allele.

Moreover, in the RNA molecules, a base at position 10 or 11, when counted from the base at the 5′-end of the nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the mutant allele, corresponds to the position of the point mutation. The base at position 10 or 11 is identical to the base in the corresponding location of the mutant allele. In the case that the mutated base in the mutant allele is adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine, the base at position 10 or 11 of the RNA molecules is adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil (or thymine), respectively.

In the RNA molecules, a group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of their nucleotides at positions 6-8 or positions 7 and 8, counted from the base at the 5′-end of the nucleotide sequence complementary to that of the mutant allele, is modified with (i.e., replaced by) OCH₃, halogen, or LNA. For example, RNA in which the 2′-position of a pentose is replaced by —OCH₃(hereinafter referred to as 2′-O-methyl RNA) has a structure represented by the following general formula:

[Image Omitted]

Any halogen may be used, but fluorine is preferred because of its small molecular size. For nucleotides at locations other than those mentioned, some or all of them may be modified; however, it is preferable that none of them is modified. Modifications of nucleotides are not particularly limited, and exemplified that a group at the 2′-position of a pentose in the nucleotides is replaced by a group selected from the group consisting of H, OR, R, halogen, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NR₂, CN, COOR, and LNA (wherein R is C₁-C₆alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl; and halogen is F, Cl, Br, or I).

The IC₅₀of the RNA molecules for the target gene is preferably 1 nM or less, more preferably 500 pM or less, and yet more preferably 200 pM or less.

When the RNA molecules are used for RNA interference as a single strand, it is preferable that their 5′-end is phosphorylated or can be phosphorylated in situ or in vivo.

A method of designing the RNA molecules includes the following steps.

First, a nucleotide sequence of a given length containing a sequence complementary to that of a mutant allele is determined, with a mutated base in the mutant allele being placed at tenth or eleventh position, counted from the base at the 5′-end. The next step is to place a mismatched base at position 5 or 6, counted from the base at the 5′-end. Then, the group at the 2′-position of the pentose in each of nucleotides at positions 6-8 or positions 7 and 8, counted from the base at the 5′-end, is modified with OCH₃, halogen, or LNA. In the case that the base at the 5′-end of the complementary nucleotide sequence is not adenine or uracil, the step of replacing it by adenine or uracil or thymine may be performed. Likewise, in the case that the base at the 3′-end of the complementary nucleotide sequence is not cytosine or guanine, the step of replacing it by cytosine or guanine may be performed. Finally, 1-3 base(s) may be added to the 3′-end. In this way, a nucleotide sequence can be designed. A program for causing a computer to perform this design method may be prepared, and the program may be stored in a computer-readable recording medium. Nucleotides having a sequence designed in this manner can be chemically synthesized according to a routine method.

==Double-Stranded RNA Molecules==

An embodiment of the present invention is double-stranded RNA molecules in which an RNA molecule described above (hereinafter referred to as a “first RNA molecule) serves as a guide strand and a second RNA molecule with a sequence complementary to that of the first RNA molecule serves as a passenger strand. The second RNA molecule has a sequence complementary to that of the first RNA molecule and forms a duplex with the first RNA molecule under physiological conditions. Their sequence complementarity is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, yet more preferably 98% or more, and most preferably 100%.

The passenger strand may have any length and may be considerably shorter than the first RNA molecule. For example, the length of the passenger strand may be equal to or less than half the length of the first RNA molecule. It is, however, preferable that they have the same length. When the passenger strand is shorter than the first RNA molecule, the latter will have a single-stranded portion. This portion may be left single-stranded, or alternatively, a third RNA molecule complementary to the first RNA molecule may be annealed to the single-stranded portion. In the case that the second and third RNA molecules occupy the entire length of the first RNA molecule, the resulting double strand is identical to the one with a nick present on a single passenger strand to divide it into two.

The double-stranded RNA molecules may have two blunt ends, or alternatively, they may have an overhang at the 3′-end of either or both first and second RNA molecules serving as the guide and passenger strands, respectively. The overhang(s) may have any number of nucleotides, but is/are preferably of 1-3 nucleotide(s) long.

The nucleotide strands of the guide and passenger strands may be a double-stranded chimeric NA molecule in which one or more ribonucleotides are replaced by deoxyribonucleotides, artificial nucleic acids, or nucleic acid analogs.

The nucleotides in the passenger strand may be modified; however, it is preferable that they are not modified. Modifications of nucleotides are not particularly limited, and, for example, a group at the 2′-position of a pentose in the nucleotides may be replaced by a group selected from the group consisting of H, OR, R, halogen, SH, SR₁, NH₂, NHR, NR₂, CN, COOR, and LNA (wherein R is C₁-C₆alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl; and halogen is F, Cl, Br, or I).

Passenger strands can also be easily designed and easily produced using known techniques. A guide strand and a passenger strand may be linked to each other by a linker. The linker may be formed of any material, and examples include peptides and PEG.

==RNA Interference==

An embodiment of the present invention is a method for performing RNA interference by which a mutant allele with a point mutation is targeted in cells containing the wild-type allele of a gene of interest and a mutant allele of the gene. This method includes the step of introducing a first RNA molecule including a chimeric NA molecule, or one of the aforementioned double-stranded RNA molecules including a double-stranded chimeric NA molecule, into the cells containing the wild-type allele and the mutant allele.

RNA interference can be readily performed using known techniques. The expression of a target gene can be reduced by introducing first RNA molecules or double-stranded RNA molecules into, for example, culture cells or a human or non-human individual organism expressing the target gene.

The use of the aforementioned first RNA molecules or double-stranded RNA molecules in RNA interference makes it possible to primarily suppress the expression of the mutant allele of the gene of interest, substantially without suppressing the expression of the wild-type allele. Here, the expression of the wild-type allele may be suppressed up to the extent that the wild-type allele is functional and a normal phenotype is exhibited. The expression of the mutant allele should be inhibited at least to the extent that the mutant allele is not functional and an abnormal phenotype is not exhibited. This enables, for example, cells to become functional normally without developing a phenotype due to a mutation even when the mutant allele carries a dominant mutation.

==Therapeutic Agents==

When the siRNAs of the present disclosure are used as a therapeutic agent, the target disease is not limited. An embodiment of the present invention is therapeutic agents for patients with a tumor including tumor cells each having a wild-type allele of an oncogene (sometimes also referred to as a proto-oncogene, tumor suppressor gene, cancer suppressor gene, etc.) and a mutant allele of the oncogene, the mutant allele having a point mutation, the point mutation being responsible for tumorigenesis, and the therapeutic agents include, as an active ingredient, the aforementioned RNA molecules including the chimeric NA molecules, or the aforementioned double-stranded RNA molecules including the double-stranded chimeric NA molecules.

Any method can be used for administration; however, injection is preferable, and intravenous injection is more preferable. In such cases, in addition to the active ingredient, other ingredients such as pH adjusters, buffers, stabilizers, tonicity adjusting agents, or local anesthetics may be added to the therapeutic agents.

The dosage of the therapeutic agents is not limited and is selected as appropriate based on, for example, the efficacy of the ingredients contained, the mode of administration, the route of administration, the type of disease, attributes of a subject (e.g., weight, age, medical conditions, and history of use of other medicaments), and the discretion of a physician in charge.

==Target Diseases of the Therapeutic Agents==

The diseases for which siRNAs of the present disclosure are used as a therapeutic agent are not limited as long as they are caused by expression of a mutant gene, but are preferably tumors as described above. In the examples described below, the K-ras, N-ras, BRCA, STK11, PTEN, APC, GATA2, MYD8, GNAQ, and IDH1 genes were subject to suppression. It is known that mutations in the K-ras gene can cause, for example, colon, lung, and pancreatic cancers, and leukemia; mutations in the N-ras gene can cause, for example, colon, thyroid, and skin cancers; mutations in the BRCA gene can cause, for example, breast and ovarian cancers; mutations in the STK11 gene can cause, for example, adenoma malignum of the cervix, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and gastric, breast, and ovarian cancers; mutations in the PTEN gene can cause, for example, PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome such as Cowden syndrome, Lhermitte-Duclos disease, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, and Proteus syndrome; mutations in the APC gene can cause, for example, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and liver cancer; mutations in the GATA2 gene can cause, for example, MonoMAC syndrome and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia; mutations in the MYD88 gene can cause, for example, lymphoma; mutations in the GNAQ gene can cause, for example, uveal melanoma, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and GNAS- and BRCA-hemangioma; and mutations in the IDH1 gene can cause, for example, gliomas. The siRNAs can be used as therapeutic agents for at least these diseases.

==Selection Methods==

An embodiment of the present invention is a selection method for selecting RNA molecules, chimeric NA molecules, double-stranded RNA molecules, or double-stranded chimeric NA molecules for use in RNA interference to silence a target gene, and the selection method includes the steps of performing RNA interference in vitro using a plurality of the aforementioned RNA molecules, chimeric NA molecules, double-stranded RNA molecules, or double-stranded chimeric NA molecules and thereby evaluating their gene-specific silencing abilities; and selecting RNA molecules, chimeric NA molecules, double-stranded RNA molecules, or double-stranded chimeric NA molecules having a certain level or higher level of gene-specific silencing ability.

In performing RNA interference in vitro, a wild-type allele and a mutant allele with a point mutation, of a gene are used as a target gene, and a molecule is selected that does not suppress the expression of the wild-type allele over a given level but suppresses the expression of the mutant allele over a given level. By this procedure, one or more molecules that suppress the expression of the mutant allele without suppressing the expression of the wild-type allele can be obtained. Here, the given level may have any numerical value, but is preferably 50%, more preferably 70%, and even more preferably 90%.

Methods for the assay using RNA interference in vitro are common knowledge in the art, and the selection of genes, selection of cells, and introduction of RNA molecules into cells, etc. are obvious to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES
Example 1

This example shows, using the expression of exogenous reporters in culture cells, that the siRNAs disclosed herein specifically suppress the expression of mutant alleles without suppressing the expression of the wild-type allele.

(Methods)

HeLa cells cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS were seeded at 1×10⁵cells/mL on 24-well plates and co-transfected with each double-stranded siRNA with 100 ng of a reporter and 100 ng of plasmid (pGL3) as an internal standard, using 2 μL of lipofectamine 2000. The concentrations of the double-stranded siRNAs are given in the figures. siGY441 was introduced as control for siRNA. Cells were harvested after 24 hours, and firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were measured using the Dual-luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega). Renilla luciferase activity was normalized by the firefly luciferase activity. The results obtained for the double-stranded siRNAs were presented in the graphs, relative to those for siGY441 which were set to 100%.

Example 1A

In this example, the K-ras gene was used as a target gene to be silenced.

Example 1A-1

This example shows that, by matching position 10 or 11 of each siRNA with the position of the point mutation in an A-mutant K-ras (c. 35G>A) allele (with a mutation from G to A at position 35 in the cDNA (GENE ID: 3845)) (hereinafter, referred to as an “A-mutant allele”), the RNA molecules exhibit an higher specificity for silencing abilities to the A-mutant K-ras (35G>A) allele than to the wild-type K-ras allele (hereinafter, referred to as a “wild-type allele”).

First, as reporters for examining gene silencing effects, DNAs having the same nucleotide sequence as either of the wild-type K-ras (wt) allele and the A-mutant K-ms (c. 35G>A) allele were chemically synthesized and inserted into the 3′-UTR of the luciferase gene in an expression vector (psiCHECK) to construct wild-type and A-mutant K reporters. The sequences of the segments incorporated into the vectors are indicated below.

Wild-type K reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 4)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 5)

[Image Omitted]

A-mutant K reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 6)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 7)

[Image Omitted]

Next, double-stranded RNAs with the following sequence were chemically synthesized as siRNAs. The positions 9, 10, and 11 in siRNAs, K(35)9A, K(35)10A, and K(35)11A, respectively, correspond to the position of point mutation in the A-mutant K-ms (c. 35G>A) allele. In the following sequences, base pairs in the location corresponding to the position of the point mutation are enclosed in rectangles.

K(35)9A:

(SEQ ID NO. 8)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 9)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)10A:

(SEQ ID NO. 10)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 11)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11A:

(SEQ ID NO. 12)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 13)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 1 shows gene silencing effects of each siRNA.

K(35)9A had a strong silencing effect on both A-mutant and wild-type alleles. K(35)10A and K(35) 11A strongly suppress the expression of the A-mutant allele over the wild-type allele although their silencing effects were slightly reduced.

Example 1A-2

This example shows that by using an siRNA whose position 11 is matched with the position of the point mutation in the A-mutant allele, and in which the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand is replaced from guanine to uracil, and the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand is replaced from uracil to guanine, the silencing abilities of the RNA molecules to the A-mutant allele become higher and their specificities become much higher.

The wild-type and A-mutant K reporters were used as reporters for examining gene silencing effects. An double-stranded RNA with the following sequence was chemically synthesized as siRNA, and K(35)11A was used as a control. In the following sequences, a base pair in the location corresponding to the position of the point mutation, and pairs of the replaced bases at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands, respectively, and their counterparts are enclosed in rectangles.

K(35)11Arev:

(SEQ ID NO. 14)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 15)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 2 shows gene silencing effects of each siRNA.

K(35)11A strongly suppressed the expression of the A-mutant allele over the wild-type allele, whereas K(35)11Arev exerted a stronger silencing effect on both, with enhanced suppression of the expression of the A-mutant allele over the wild-type allele.

Example 1A-3

This example shows that by matching position 11 of the siRNA molecules with the position of the point mutation in the A-mutant allele, replacing the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand from guanine to uracil, replacing the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand from uracil to guanine, and replacing the group at 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand of the siRNA with OCH₃, silencing abilities of the RNA molecules to the A-mutant allele become stronger and their specificities become much higher.

The wild-type and A-mutant K reporters were used as reporters for examining gene silencing effects. Double-stranded RNAs with the following sequence were chemically synthesized as siRNAs, and K(35)11Arev was used as a control. In the following sequences, the base pairs corresponding to the position of the point mutation, and the replaced base pairs at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands are enclosed in rectangles. The nucleotides in which the group at the 2′-position of the pentose was replaced by OCH₃are hatched.

K(35)11ArevOM(2-5):

(SEQ ID NO. 16)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 17)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevOM(6-8):

(SEQ ID NO. 18)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 19)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 3 shows gene silencing effects of each siRNA.

K(35)1 lArev strongly suppressed the expression of the A-mutant allele more than that of the wild-type allele, whereas K(35)11ArevOM(6-8) exerted a stronger silencing effect on both, with stronger suppression of the expression of the A-mutant allele than that of the wild-type allele. Another control, K(35)11ArevOM(2-5) (in which the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 2-5 of the guide strand was replaced by OCH₃) exerted considerably weak silencing effect on both.

Example 1A-4

This example shows that by matching position 11 of the siRNAs with the position of the point mutation in the A-mutant allele, replacing the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand of the siRNAs from guanine to uracil, replacing the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand thereof from uracil to guanine, and mismatching the base at position 5 or 6 of the guide strand of the siRNAs with that of the A-mutant allele, silencing abilities to the wild-type allele become weaker and, as a result, specificity to the A-mutant allele become much higher.

The wild-type and A-mutant K reporters were used as reporters for examining gene silencing effects. Double-stranded RNAs with the following sequences with a mismatched base at one of positions 3-7 based on K(35)1 lArev were chemically synthesized as siRNAs. K(35)1 lArev was used as a control. In the following sequences, the base pairs corresponding to the position of the point mutation, the replaced base pairs at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands, and base pairs with the mismatched base are enclosed in rectangles.

K(35)11ArevM3:

(SEQ ID NO. 20)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 21)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevM4:

(SEQ ID NO. 22)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 23)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevM5:

(SEQ ID NO. 24)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 25)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevM6:

(SEQ ID NO. 26)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 27)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevM7:

(SEQ ID NO. 28)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 29)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 4 shows gene silencing effects of each siRNA.

K(35)1 lArev strongly suppressed the expression of the A-mutant allele over the wild-type allele, whereas RNA molecules K(35)11ArevM5 and K(35)11ArevM6 exhibited significantly poor silencing abilities to the wild-type allele, resulting in a much more enhanced specificity for the A-mutant allele.

Example 1A-5

This example shows that, by matching position 11 of the siRNAs with the position of the point mutation in the A-mutant allele, replacing the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand of the siRNAs from guanine to uracil, replacing the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand thereof from uracil to guanine, replacing the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand of the siRNAs with OCH₃, and mismatching the base at position 5 or 6 of the guide strand of the siRNA with the base of the A-mutant allele, the specificity to the A-mutant allele become much more higher.

The wild-type and A-mutant K reporters were used as reporters for examining gene silencing effects. Double-stranded RNAs with the following sequence with a mismatched base at one of positions 3-7 based on K(35)1 lArev were chemically synthesized. K(35)1 lArev was used as a control. In the following sequences, the base pairs corresponding to the position of the point mutation, the replaced base pairs at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands, and base pairs with the mismatched base are enclosed in rectangles. The nucleotides in which the group at the 2′-position of the pentose was replaced with OCH₃are hatched.

K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M3:

(SEQ ID NO. 30)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 31)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M4:

(SEQ ID NO. 32)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 33)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M5:

(SEQ ID NO. 34)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 35)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M6:

(SEQ ID NO. 36)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 37)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M7:

(SEQ ID NO. 38)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 39)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 5 shows gene silencing effects of each siRNA.

K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M5 and K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M6 exhibited very weak silencing abilities to the wild-type allele, resulting in a much higher specificity for the A-mutant allele.

Example 1A-6

This example shows that siRNAs specific for the A-mutant allele exhibit weak silencing abilities not only to the wild-type allele, but also a T-mutant K-ms (c. 35G>T) allele (with a mutation from G to T at position 35 in the cDNA) and a C-mutant K-ms (c. 35 G>C) allele (with a mutation from G to C at position 35 in the cDNA).

The wild-type and A-mutant K reporters as well as a T-mutant K-ms (c. 35G>T) reporter (hereinafter, referred to as a “T-mutant K reporter”), and a C-mutant K-ms (c. 35 G>C) reporter (hereinafter, referred to as a “C-mutant K reporter”), which are all K-ms reporters indicated below, were used as reporters for examining gene silencing effects. K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M5 and K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M6 were used as siRNAs, and K(35)11Arev was used as a control. In the following sequences, the base pairs corresponding to the position of the point mutation are enclosed in rectangles.

T-mutant K reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 40)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 41)

[Image Omitted]

C-mutant K reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 42)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 43)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 6 shows gene silencing effects on each reporter.

All siRNAs had the strongest silencing effect on the A-mutant K reporter; especially K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M5 and K(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M6 had weak silencing effects on the T-mutant and C-mutant K reporters.

Example 1A-7

This example shows that siRNAs specific for the T-mutant allele exhibit weak silencing abilities not only to the wild-type allele, but also the A-mutant and C-mutant alleles.

The wild-type reporter, the A-mutant K reporter, the T-mutant K reporter, and the C-mutant K reporter, which are all K-ms reporters, were used as reporters for examining gene silencing effects. K(35)11TrevOM(6-8)M5 and K(35)11TrevOM(6-8)M6 were used as siRNAs, and K(35)11Trev was used as a control. In the following sequences, the base pairs corresponding to the position of the point mutation, the pairs of the replaced bases at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands, and the base pairs with the mismatched base are enclosed in rectangles. The nucleotides in which the group at 2′-position of the pentose was replaced by OCH₃are hatched.

K(35)11Trev:

(SEQ ID NO. 44)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 45)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11TrevOM(6-8)M5:

(SEQ ID NO. 46)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 47)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11TrevOM(6-8)M6:

(SEQ ID NO. 48)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 49)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 7 shows gene silencing effects on each reporter.

All siRNAs had the strongest silencing effect on the T-mutant K reporter; especially K(35)11TrevOM(6-8)M5 and K(35)11TrevOM(6-8)M6 had weak silencing effects on the T-mutant and C-mutant K reporters.

Example 1A-8

This example shows that siRNAs specific for the C-mutant allele exhibit weak silencing abilities not only to the wild-type allele, but also the A-mutant and T-mutant alleles.

The wild-type reporter, the A-mutant K reporter, the T-mutant K reporter, and the C-mutant K reporter, which are all K-ms reporters were used as reporters for examining gene silencing effects. K(35)11CrevOM(6-8)M5 and K(35)11CrevOM(6-8)M6 were used as siRNAs, and K(35)11Crev was used as a control. In the following sequences, the base pairs corresponding to the position of the point mutation, the pairs of the replaced bases at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands, and the base pairs with the mismatched base are enclosed in rectangles. The nucleotides in which the group at the 2′-position of the pentose was replaced by OCH₃are hatched.

K(35)11Crev:

(SEQ ID NO. 50)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 51)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11CrevOM(6-8)M5:

(SEQ ID NO. 52)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 53)

[Image Omitted]

K(35)11CrevOM(6-8)M6:

(SEQ ID NO. 54)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 55)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 8 shows gene silencing effects on each reporter.

All siRNAs had the strongest silencing effect on the C-mutant K reporter; especially K(35)11CrevOM(6-8) M5 and K(35)11CrevOM(6-8)M6 had weak silencing effect on the A-mutant and T-mutant K reporters.

Example 1B

In this example, the N-ms gene was chosen as a target to be silenced.

Example 1B-1

This example in which a point mutation in nt 35 of cDNA of the N-ms gene is targeted shows that by matching position 11 of an siRNA with the position of the point mutation in the A-mutant N-ms (c. 35G>A) allele (hereinafter, referred to as the “A-mutant N35 allele”), replacing the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand of the siRNA from cytosine to uracil, replacing the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand thereof from adenine to guanine, replacing the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand by OCH₃, and mismatching the base at position 5 of the guide strand of the siRNA with the base of the A-mutant N35 allele, the siRNA suppresses the expression of the A-mutant N35 allele more specifically than that of the wild-type N-ras (wt) allele (hereinafter, referred to as the “wild-type N allele”).

First, as reporters for examining gene silencing effects, DNAs having the same nucleotide sequences as the wild-type N allele and the A-mutant N35 allele were inserted into the 3′-UTR of the luciferase gene in an expression vector (psiCHECK) to construct wild-type N35 and A-mutant N reporters, respectively. The sequences of the segments chemically synthesized and incorporated into the vectors are indicated below. In the following sequences, the base pairs in the location corresponding to the position of the point mutation are enclosed in rectangles.

Wild-type N35 reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 56)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 57)

[Image Omitted]

A-mutant N35 reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 58)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 59)

[Image Omitted]

Double-stranded RNAs with the following sequence were chemically synthesized as siRNAs. N(35)11G has a sequence complementary to that of the wild-type N allele. N(35)11A is an siRNA in which position 11 corresponded to the position of the point mutation in the A-mutant N35 allele. N(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M5 is an siRNA in which position 11 corresponded to the position of the point mutation in the A-mutant N35 allele, the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand was replaced from cytosine to uracil, the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand was replaced from uracil to cytosine, the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand was replaced by OCH₃, and the base at position 5 of the guide strand is mismatched with the base of the A-mutant N35 allele. In the following sequences, the base pairs corresponding to the position of the point mutation, the base pairs of the replaced bases at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands, and the base pair with the mismatched base are enclosed in rectangles. The nucleotides in which the group at the 2′-position of the pentose was replaced with OCH₃are hatched.

N(35)11G:

(SEQ ID NO. 60)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 61)

[Image Omitted]

N(35)11A:

(SEQ ID NO. 62)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 63)

[Image Omitted]

N(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M5:

(SEQ ID NO. 64)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 65)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 9 shows gene silencing effects of each siRNA.

N(35)11G effectively suppressed the expression of the wild-type N allele more than that of the A-mutant N35 allele. In contrast, N(35)11A effectively suppressed the expression of the A-mutant N35 allele more than that of the wild-type N allele. N(35)11ArevOM(6-8)M5 had very weak silencing abilities to the wild-type allele and strong silencing abilities to the A-mutant N35 allele; as a result, specificity for the A-mutant N35 allele was increased.

Example 1B-2

This example in which the point mutation in nt 182 of cDNA of the N-ms gene is targeted shows that, by matching position 11 in an siRNA with the position of the point mutation in an A-mutant N-ms (c. 182A>G) allele (hereinafter, referred to as a “G-mutant N182 allele”), replacing the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand of the siRNA from guanine to uracil, replacing the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand thereof from adenine to guanine, replacing the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand with OCH₃, and by mismatching the base at position 5 of the guide strand of the siRNA with the base of the G-mutant N182 allele, the siRNA suppresses the expression of the G-mutant N182 allele more specifically than that of the wild-type N-ms (wt) allele (hereinafter, referred to as the “wild-type N allele”).

First, as reporters for examining gene silencing effects, DNA having the same nucleotide sequence as the G-mutant N182 allele was inserted into the 3′-UTR of the luciferase gene in an expression vector (psiCHECK) to construct a G-mutant N182 reporter. The sequences of the segments chemically synthesized and incorporated into the vector are indicated below.

Wild-type N182 reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 66)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 67)

[Image Omitted]

G-mutant N182 reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 68)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 69)

[Image Omitted]

Double-stranded RNA with the following sequence were chemically synthesized as siRNAs. N(182)11A has a sequence complementary to that of the wild-type N allele. N(182)11G is an siRNA whose position 11 was matched with the position of the point mutation in the G-mutant N182 allele. N(182)11GrevOM(6-8)M5 is an siRNA whose position 11 was matched with the position of the point mutation in the A182-mutant N allele, and in which the base at the 5′-end of the guide strand was replaced from guanine to uracil, the base at the 5′-end of the passenger strand was replaced from adenine to guanine, the group at the 2′-position of a pentose in each of ribonucleotides at positions 6-8 of the guide strand was replaced with OCH₃, and a base at position 5 of the guide strand is mismatched with that of the G-mutant 182N allele. In the following sequences, the base pairs of the position of the point mutation, the base pairs of the replaced bases at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands, and a base pair with the mismatched base are enclosed in rectangles. The nucleotides in which the group at the 2′-position of the pentose was replaced by OCH₃are hatched.

N(182)11A:

(SEQ ID NO. 70)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 71)

[Image Omitted]

N(182)11G:

(SEQ ID NO. 72)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 73)

[Image Omitted]

N(182)11GrevOM(6-8)M5:

(SEQ ID NO. 74)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 75)

[Image Omitted]

FIG. 10 shows gene silencing effects of each siRNA.

N(182)11A more effectively suppressed the expression of the wild-type N182 allele than that of the G-mutant N182 allele. In contrast, N(182)11G more effectively suppressed the expression of the A-mutant N182 allele than that of the wild-type N182 allele. N(182)11ArevOM(6-8)M5 lost silencing abilities to the wild-type allele and exhibited slightly reduced silencing abilities to the G-mutant N182 allele, resulting in an higher specificity for the G-mutant N182 allele.

Example 1C

This example shows that siRNAs with sequences of the present disclosure hardly suppress the expression of the expression of a wild-type allele but strongly suppress the expression of a mutant allele to pairs of: the wild-type allele and the A1114C mutant allele (with a mutation from A to C at position 1114 in cDNA (GENE ID: 675)) of the BRCA2 gene, the wild-type allele and the C1062G mutant allele (with a mutation from C to G at position 1062 in cDNA (GENE ID: 6794)) of the STK11 gene, the wild-type allele and the C388G mutant allele (with a mutation from C to G at position 388 in cDNA (GENE ID: 5728)) of the PTEN gene, the wild-type allele and the C4348T mutant allele (with a mutation from C to T at position 4348 in cDNA (GENE ID: 324)) of the APC gene, the wild-type allele and the C953T mutant allele (with a mutation from C to T at position 953 in cDNA (GENE ID: 2624)) of the GATA2 gene, the wild-type allele and the T818C mutant allele (with a mutation from T to C at position 818 in cDNA (GENE ID: 4615)) of the MYD88 gene, the wild-type allele and the A626T mutant allele (with a mutation from A to T at position 626 in cDNA (GENE ID: 2776)) of the GNAQ gene, the wild-type allele and the G395A mutant allele (with a mutation from G to A at position 395 in cDNA (GENE ID: 3417)) of the IDH1 gene.

First, as reporters for examining gene silencing effects, DNAs having the same nucleotide sequence as the respective alleles were chemically synthesized and inserted into the 3′-UTR of the luciferase gene in an expression vector (psiCHECK) to construct wild-type and A-mutant K reporters. The sequences of the segments incorporated into the vectors are indicated below.

BRCA2_wt reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 76)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 77)

[Image Omitted]

BRCA2_mut reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 78)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 79)

[Image Omitted]

STK11_wt reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 80)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 81)

[Image Omitted]

STK11_mut reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 82)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 83)

[Image Omitted]

PTEN_wt reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 84)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 85)

[Image Omitted]

PTEN_mut reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 86)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 87)

[Image Omitted]

APC_wt reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 88)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 89)

[Image Omitted]

APC_mut reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 90)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 91)

[Image Omitted]

GATA2_wt reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 92)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 93)

[Image Omitted]

GATA2_mut reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 94)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 95)

[Image Omitted]

MYD88_wt reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 96)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 97)

[Image Omitted]

MYD88_mut reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 98)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 99)

[Image Omitted]

GNAQ_wt reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 100)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 101)

[Image Omitted]

GNAQ_mut reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 102)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 103)

[Image Omitted]

IDH1_wt reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 104)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 105)

[Image Omitted]

IDH1_mut reporter:

(SEQ ID NO. 106)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 107)

[Image Omitted]

Next, double-stranded RNAs with the following sequences were chemically synthesized as siRNAs. These reporters and siRNAs were used to perform reporter assays in the same way as in Example 1A. The results are shown in FIG. 11. As a control siRNA, siBRCA2_wt was introduced and the measurements obtained for the double-stranded siRNAs were presented as graphs in FIG. 11, relative to those for siBRCA2_wt which were set to 100%.

In each of the following sequences, “wt” indicates an siRNA constructed based on the sequence of a wild-type gene. The base pairs corresponding to the position of the point mutation, the pairs of the replaced bases at the 5′-ends of the guide and passenger strands, and base pairs with a mismached base are enclosed in rectangles. The nucleotides in which the 2′-position of the pentose was replaced by OCH₃are hatched.

siBRCA2_wt:

(SEQ ID NO. 108)

5′-AUGUAGCAAAUCAGAAGCCCU-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 109)

3′-UUUACAUCGUUUAGUCUUCGG-5′

siBRCA2_mut:

(SEQ ID NO. 110)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 111)

[Image Omitted]

siSTK11_wt:

(SEQ ID NO. 112)

5′-GACCUCUUCGACAUCGAGGAU-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 113)

3′-UCCUGGAGAAGCUGUAGCUCC-5′

siSTK11_mut:

(SEQ ID NO. 114)

[Image Omitted]

(SEQ ID NO. 115)

[Image Omitted]

siPTEN_wt:

(SEQ ID NO. 116)

5′-GAAAGGGACGAACUGGUGUAA-3′

(SEQ ID NO. 117)

3′-ACCUUUCCCUGCUUGACCACA-5′

siPTEN_mut:

(SEQ ID NO. 118)

[Image Omitted]