Last week we analyzed the 1,000 most active companies by the number of patents to identify the top five with the highest cost of prosecution (Patexia Insight 82). We believe companies increase their spending on prosecution if they think the underlying idea is important and may gain a large market share in the future. This week, we are going to estimate and model the quality of portfolios to see if we can find any correlation between the cost and value.

Understanding the relationship between cost and value is important for corporations as it can shed some light on the opaque nature of intellectual property value and its accounting in corporate balance sheets.

Independent board members and corporate audit committees can use this information to understand if a company is making adequate investments and if relative to competitors, their investments are reasonable.

We used the USPTO fees as a proxy for cost of prosecution. Our assumption was that patent attorney fees would be proportionate to the USPTO fees. Therefore, if the USPTO fees go up during the examination, attorney fees will also increase with more or less the same pace.

Using Patexia Prosecution Analyzer, we calculated the average USPTO fees for about 1.6M patents issued to the top 1,000 most active companies we listed in our latest Patent Prosecution Intelligence Report. The average was $3,348 per patent. We calculated that the highest cost of prosecution was for the Seattle-based IP company, Intellectual Ventures with an average USPTO fees of $10,668 per patent. However, as it was evident from the numbers in the top five, the cost dropped significantly to $6,643 for Genentech, the fifth company on the list (table below).

Average for the Top 1,000 Companies	1,591,416	$3,347.94	55.1%
Company	Patents	Average USPTO Fees Per Patent	Portfolio Quality
Intellectual Ventures	1,577	$10,667.74	71.5%
EXCALIBUR IP, LLC	367	$7,032.45	63.3%
Vertex Pharmaceuticals	172	$7,027.75	59.9%
Ionis Pharmaceuticals	178	$6,999.44	61.0%
Genentech, Inc	524	$6,642.69	60.0%

The following histogram shows the distribution of the average prosecution cost (USPTO Fees) for the top 1,000 companies (only for the utility patents) for the period of 2015 to 2020. As expected, the cost for the majority of companies was around the mean ($3,348) and median ($3,459) with a few outliers all the way to $10,668 for the IV portfolio.

The question we are trying to answer now is whether there is any correlation between this prosecution cost and the real value of those portfolios.

The value of a patent is directly related to the market covered and protected by its claims. But at the time of filing, if the idea is truly novel, there is little or no market for the idea. Gradually and over time, the market may shape and grow if the idea is useful.

While it is almost impossible to know and measure the correct future value and its growth rate at the time of filing or even in early years, there are many signals that we can extract to build a weighted function which may correlate with the real value of the patent. For example:

Word Count: The number of words in the independent claims and its comparison with that of the average for the related IPC code or art unit may be a good indicator of broadness and extent of coverage for a claim and the patent. The average word count for a biotech patent may be significantly different from a high tech patent. Therefore, the measurement should be normalized by the IPC or the tech sector.
Forward Citation: The number of times other patents cite a particular patent may be an indicator of popularity of an invention and underlying idea over time. As time goes by, this citation rank may grow which may further show that the idea is being adapted and the amount of investment on that topic is growing which may increase the value of the patent.
Backward citation: The number of references listed on a patent may explain how original an idea is. For example, a large list of backward citations with large citation scores (i.e., they also have a large list of citations), may show that the idea is a marginal improvement as the field is mature and similar or related work had previously been done.
Maintenance Payment: Renewal may be a good indicator of the value as the owner makes a decision based on known factors at the time of renewal. Oftentimes, a good age for patent transactions is between 8 to 15 which is after the second and third maintenance payments. Especially the third renewal (12 years old) is a good sign that the idea might be valuable and in use.
Foreign filings: Extended family and non-US filings are also another useful signal that can be extracted from the family of a patent to evaluate the value of a patent. When a patent has many foreign counterparts, it means the owner projected a wide global usage in the future.
Patent Lawsuits: Litigation, especially if the patent or some of its claims survive, or if it is related to a family member of a patent, will add extra bonus points and can drive the value substantially higher. This may even be a more powerful indicator if the litigation started with an older patent in the family while a continuation was filed which later resulted in multiple new patents. This may show that the owner realized the potential and filed a continuation on an earlier version to capture ideas that were not fully covered in the earlier versions to broaden the coverage of the patent.

We only explained some of the popular signals, but the patent data can be combined with financial data, R&D spending of the company and its relative size as well as popularity (market size) and maturity (market growth or decline) of the technology to generate other useful signals.

For example, using artificial intelligence, we developed a tool to measure the historical R&D investment or technology acquisition of a company and its comparison with the competitors, in order to discover gaps, strengths and weaknesses of a portfolio (Patexia Insight 71).

We used the combination of above signals together with some other signals to come up with Patexia Quality Score for each patent as well as the company’s patent portfolio. For this study, since we only looked at the most recent 5-year period, the impact of forward citation and age (renewal and maintenance) was minimal. Nevertheless, for the sake of comparison, we calculated the Quality Score for each portfolio for the period of 2015 to 2020.

The following table shows the top five companies with the highest Quality Scores. The average Quality Score for all the 1000 companies was 55% for the last five years.

From our original list of 5 companies with the highest cost of patent prosecution, only Intellectual Ventures was among the top 5 in the highest quality portfolios with a score of 71.5%, which was almost equal to the first company, China Academy of Telecommunications Technology (Quality Score of 71.6%).

Average for the Top 1,000 Companies	1,591,416	$3,347.94	55.1%
Company	Patents	Average USPTO Fees Per Patent	Portfolio Quality
China Academy of Telecommunications Technology	338	$4,590.38	71.6%
Intellectual Ventures	1,577	$10,667.74	71.5%
AMDOCS SOFTWARE SYSTEMS LIMITED	157	$3,589.94	71.0%
XI'AN ZHONGXING NEW SOFTWARE CO., LTD	254	$4,329.92	67.6%
Trading Technologies International	168	$5,347.74	66.8%

China Academy of Telecommunications Technology is the parent company of Datang Telecom Group.

XI'AN ZHONGXING NEW SOFTWARE is a subsidiary of ZTE, a Chinese telecommunication giant. And Trading Technologies International, is a financial services software company, specialized in building trading software. Amdocs is another software company for media and financial services, competing with Oracle, SAP and others in this space.

To better understand the Quality Score, we generated the following histogram for all the top 1000 companies. As you can see in the chart, the distribution is almost normal with the average around 55%.

Some observations:

All the top five companies with the highest cost of prosecution (first table) are at least one standard deviation (3.8) above the average (55.1%).
The prosecution cost for four of the five companies (all except Amdocs) is at least one standard deviation ($808) above the average ($3,348). Even Amdocs is still above the average.
Two out of the five companies with the highest Quality Scores have Chinese origins.

Prosecution cost can be one of the signals indicating the importance and value of a portfolio. When combined with other signals such as renewals and normalized by technology or IPC for related portfolios, it can become a much more relevant and powerful signal.

We applied our model to the entire list of top 1000 companies. However, the measurement and comparison may be more relevant if the data is sliced by sectors. For example, pharmaceutical companies seem to have higher cost of prosecution compared to other technology areas.

Patents are similar to startups. At the time of filing, the new idea does not have any meaningful market. Forecasting the market size and its growth rate in the coming years is almost impossible. However, over time, as more useful signals can be extracted from the portfolio and its comparison with other companies, it is easier to assess the relative value of a portfolio.

This data can be used to optimize portfolios by finding strengths and weaknesses or gaps. Also relative comparison can reveal useful information such as similarities between products of two companies and the upcoming trends (rapid changes in the portfolio mix).

Corporate audit committees and independent board members can also use the data as a measure to understand if the R&D spending is comparable to other companies in the same sector and if the prosecution cost as well as the value reflected for the IP in the corporate balance sheet is justified.

As Warren Buffett says: “Accounting is the language of business”.

Special Promotion: The above analysis was conducted using Patexia Prosecution Analyzer. There will be a 15% discount for the annual subscription of the analyzer throughout May (offer valid until June 1, 2020).